Academic Journal
View in EDS

Probability and rate of reinforcement in negative prediction error learning.

Bibliographic Details
Title: Probability and rate of reinforcement in negative prediction error learning.
Authors: Sanderson DJ; Department of Psychology, Durham University., Austen JM; Department of Psychology, Durham University., McGregor A; Department of Psychology, Durham University., Strickland JA; Department of Psychology, Durham University.
Source: Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition [J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn] 2025 Jul; Vol. 51 (3), pp. 126-146. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 May 12.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: American Psychological Association Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101632727 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2329-8464 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 23298456 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Washington, DC : American Psychological Association, 2014-
MeSH Terms: Conditioning, Classical*/physiology , Extinction, Psychological*/physiology , Association Learning*/physiology , Reinforcement, Psychology* , Probability Learning*, Animals ; Mice ; Male ; Cues ; Probability ; Mice, Inbred C57BL
Abstract: Trial-based theories of associative learning propose that learning is sensitive to the probability of reinforcement signaled by a conditioned stimulus (CS). Learning, however, is often sensitive to reinforcement rate rather than probability of reinforcement per trial, suggesting that temporal properties of cues may be more important than trial-based properties. In four experiments, the role of probability of reinforcement per trial was examined in appetitive Pavlovian conditioning in mice under conditions in which reinforcement rate was controlled. Experiments 1 and 2 examined the loss of conditioned responding caused by overexpectation of reinforcement. The probability of reinforcement per trial failed to affect acquisition and summation of conditioned responding and failed to affect overexpectation. It also failed to affect extinction of conditioned responding in Experiments 3 and 4. Experiments 2-4 contained nonreinforced trials in which responding at the offset of the CS could be measured. These probe trials did reveal an effect of probability of reinforcement per trial. Cues associated with 100% reinforcement elicited greater post-CS responding than cues associated with 50% reinforcement. The effect was also evident in summation trials (in Experiment 2) in which two 100% or 50% reinforced cues were presented in compound. The results show that mice learn about rate and probability information, but reinforcement rate determines anticipatory responding during the CS. The probability of reinforcement determines responding at the expected time of reinforcement. Thus, learning occurs continuously over the duration of experience and per episode of experience independent of duration. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
References: J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 2011 Oct;37(4):375-84. (PMID: 21787098)
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2023 Mar;240(3):513. (PMID: 36006415)
Sci Rep. 2022 Jun 14;12(1):9827. (PMID: 35701655)
Behav Brain Res. 2000 Jun 1;110(1-2):67-72. (PMID: 10802304)
J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2022 Oct;48(4):321-335. (PMID: 35549397)
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2019 Feb;72(2):346-374. (PMID: 29741452)
Behav Neurosci. 2009 Feb;123(1):75-85. (PMID: 19170432)
Cereb Cortex. 2019 Aug 14;29(9):3687-3701. (PMID: 30371757)
Psychol Rev. 1962 Jul;69:306-28. (PMID: 13861049)
Learn Mem. 2004 Jul-Aug;11(4):476-83. (PMID: 15286185)
Biol Psychiatry. 2015 May 15;77(10):912-20. (PMID: 25641634)
J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2022 Oct;48(4):307-314. (PMID: 36265023)
J Exp Psychol. 1968 Feb;76(2):171-80. (PMID: 5636557)
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 2009 Apr;35(2):186-96. (PMID: 19364228)
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2023 Mar;240(3):501-511. (PMID: 35932299)
Behav Processes. 2016 Jan;122:36-42. (PMID: 26562656)
J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2019 Jan;45(1):43-58. (PMID: 30604994)
J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2014 Jul;40(3):335-54. (PMID: 25545981)
J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2019 Oct;45(4):485-501. (PMID: 31368769)
Psychol Sci. 2002 Sep;13(5):454-9. (PMID: 12219813)
Behav Neurosci. 2004 Feb;118(1):111-20. (PMID: 14979787)
Anim Learn Behav. 2002 May;30(2):73-95. (PMID: 12141138)
Learn Behav. 2007 Feb;35(1):19-26. (PMID: 17557388)
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 2011 Oct;37(4):385-93. (PMID: 21787099)
J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2020 Jul;46(3):256-272. (PMID: 32162948)
J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2017 Jan;43(1):15-29. (PMID: 28045292)
Learn Mem. 2009 Mar 24;16(4):273-8. (PMID: 19318469)
Hippocampus. 2024 Mar;34(3):126-140. (PMID: 38140716)
Behav Neurosci. 2016 Aug;130(4):357-75. (PMID: 27176564)
Psychol Rev. 1966 Sep;73(5):459-77. (PMID: 5341660)
Behav Processes. 2017 Aug;141(Pt 1):19-25. (PMID: 28473250)
J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2019 Oct;45(4):390-404. (PMID: 31414879)
J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2018 Jan;44(1):23-35. (PMID: 29323516)
J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2024 Oct;50(4):254-266. (PMID: 39432328)
J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2015 Apr;41(2):137-51. (PMID: 25734756)
Psychol Sci. 2021 Feb;32(2):204-217. (PMID: 33395376)
J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2019 Apr;45(2):185-202. (PMID: 30945926)
Q J Exp Psychol B. 1997 Nov;50(4):273-94. (PMID: 9421975)
J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2024 Jan;50(1):1-10. (PMID: 37930638)
Behav Processes. 2003 Apr 28;62(1-3):5-25. (PMID: 12729966)
Learn Behav. 2006 Feb;34(1):13-20. (PMID: 16786880)
J Exp Anal Behav. 1996 May;65(3):575-91. (PMID: 16812810)
J Neurosci. 2010 Feb 24;30(8):2911-7. (PMID: 20181588)
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1978 Jan;4(1):22-36. (PMID: 621465)
Nat Commun. 2016 Aug 17;7:12330. (PMID: 27531638)
Behav Processes. 2009 Jun;81(2):322-7. (PMID: 19429226)
Behav Neurosci. 2014 Apr;128(2):199-206. (PMID: 24773439)
J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2019 Apr;45(2):203-221. (PMID: 30843717)
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 2012 Apr;38(2):157-66. (PMID: 22250789)
Psychol Rev. 2000 Apr;107(2):289-344. (PMID: 10789198)
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1991 Apr;17(2):141-50. (PMID: 2045770)
J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2024 Jan;50(1):11-24. (PMID: 38190222)
Grant Information: UKRI; Economic and Social Research Council; Experimental Psychology Society; United Kingdom BB_ Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20250512 Date Completed: 20250703 Latest Revision: 20250807
Update Code: 20260130
PubMed Central ID: PMC12224701
DOI: 10.1037/xan0000396
PMID: 40354279
Database: MEDLINE
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
CustomLinks:
  – Url: https://resolver.ebsco.com/c/fiv2js/result?sid=EBSCO:cmedm&genre=article&issn=23298464&ISBN=&volume=51&issue=3&date=20250701&spage=126&pages=126-146&title=Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition&atitle=Probability%20and%20rate%20of%20reinforcement%20in%20negative%20prediction%20error%20learning.&aulast=Sanderson%20DJ&id=DOI:10.1037/xan0000396
    Name: Full Text Finder (for New FTF UI) (ns324271)
    Category: fullText
    Text: Full Text Finder
    MouseOverText: Full Text Finder
Header DbId: cmedm
DbLabel: MEDLINE
An: 40354279
AccessLevel: 3
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Probability and rate of reinforcement in negative prediction error learning.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sanderson+DJ%22">Sanderson DJ</searchLink>; Department of Psychology, Durham University.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Austen+JM%22">Austen JM</searchLink>; Department of Psychology, Durham University.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22McGregor+A%22">McGregor A</searchLink>; Department of Psychology, Durham University.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Strickland+JA%22">Strickland JA</searchLink>; Department of Psychology, Durham University.
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22101632727%22">Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition</searchLink> [J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn] 2025 Jul; Vol. 51 (3), pp. 126-146. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2025 May 12.
– Name: TypePub
  Label: Publication Type
  Group: TypPub
  Data: Journal Article
– Name: Language
  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Journal Info
  Group: Src
  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22American+Psychological+Association%22">American Psychological Association </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>United States <i>NLM ID: </i>101632727 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>2329-8464 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2223298456%22">23298456 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
– Name: PublisherInfo
  Label: Imprint Name(s)
  Group: PubInfo
  Data: <i>Original Publication</i>: Washington, DC : American Psychological Association, 2014-
– Name: SubjectMESH
  Label: MeSH Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Conditioning%2C+Classical%22">Conditioning, Classical*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Conditioning%2C+Classical+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Extinction%2C+Psychological%22">Extinction, Psychological*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Extinction%2C+Psychological+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Association+Learning%22">Association Learning*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Association+Learning+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Reinforcement%2C+Psychology%22">Reinforcement, Psychology*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Probability+Learning%22">Probability Learning*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Animals%22">Animals</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Mice%22">Mice</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Male%22">Male</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Cues%22">Cues</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Probability%22">Probability</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Mice%2C+Inbred+C57BL%22">Mice, Inbred C57BL</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Trial-based theories of associative learning propose that learning is sensitive to the probability of reinforcement signaled by a conditioned stimulus (CS). Learning, however, is often sensitive to reinforcement rate rather than probability of reinforcement per trial, suggesting that temporal properties of cues may be more important than trial-based properties. In four experiments, the role of probability of reinforcement per trial was examined in appetitive Pavlovian conditioning in mice under conditions in which reinforcement rate was controlled. Experiments 1 and 2 examined the loss of conditioned responding caused by overexpectation of reinforcement. The probability of reinforcement per trial failed to affect acquisition and summation of conditioned responding and failed to affect overexpectation. It also failed to affect extinction of conditioned responding in Experiments 3 and 4. Experiments 2-4 contained nonreinforced trials in which responding at the offset of the CS could be measured. These probe trials did reveal an effect of probability of reinforcement per trial. Cues associated with 100% reinforcement elicited greater post-CS responding than cues associated with 50% reinforcement. The effect was also evident in summation trials (in Experiment 2) in which two 100% or 50% reinforced cues were presented in compound. The results show that mice learn about rate and probability information, but reinforcement rate determines anticipatory responding during the CS. The probability of reinforcement determines responding at the expected time of reinforcement. Thus, learning occurs continuously over the duration of experience and per episode of experience independent of duration. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 2011 Oct;37(4):375-84. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221787098%22">21787098)</searchLink><br />Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2023 Mar;240(3):513. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236006415%22">36006415)</searchLink><br />Sci Rep. 2022 Jun 14;12(1):9827. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235701655%22">35701655)</searchLink><br />Behav Brain Res. 2000 Jun 1;110(1-2):67-72. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210802304%22">10802304)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2022 Oct;48(4):321-335. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235549397%22">35549397)</searchLink><br />Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2019 Feb;72(2):346-374. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229741452%22">29741452)</searchLink><br />Behav Neurosci. 2009 Feb;123(1):75-85. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219170432%22">19170432)</searchLink><br />Cereb Cortex. 2019 Aug 14;29(9):3687-3701. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230371757%22">30371757)</searchLink><br />Psychol Rev. 1962 Jul;69:306-28. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2213861049%22">13861049)</searchLink><br />Learn Mem. 2004 Jul-Aug;11(4):476-83. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215286185%22">15286185)</searchLink><br />Biol Psychiatry. 2015 May 15;77(10):912-20. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225641634%22">25641634)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2022 Oct;48(4):307-314. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236265023%22">36265023)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol. 1968 Feb;76(2):171-80. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%225636557%22">5636557)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 2009 Apr;35(2):186-96. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219364228%22">19364228)</searchLink><br />Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2023 Mar;240(3):501-511. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235932299%22">35932299)</searchLink><br />Behav Processes. 2016 Jan;122:36-42. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226562656%22">26562656)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2019 Jan;45(1):43-58. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230604994%22">30604994)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2014 Jul;40(3):335-54. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225545981%22">25545981)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2019 Oct;45(4):485-501. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231368769%22">31368769)</searchLink><br />Psychol Sci. 2002 Sep;13(5):454-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212219813%22">12219813)</searchLink><br />Behav Neurosci. 2004 Feb;118(1):111-20. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2214979787%22">14979787)</searchLink><br />Anim Learn Behav. 2002 May;30(2):73-95. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212141138%22">12141138)</searchLink><br />Learn Behav. 2007 Feb;35(1):19-26. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217557388%22">17557388)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 2011 Oct;37(4):385-93. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221787099%22">21787099)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2020 Jul;46(3):256-272. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232162948%22">32162948)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2017 Jan;43(1):15-29. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228045292%22">28045292)</searchLink><br />Learn Mem. 2009 Mar 24;16(4):273-8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219318469%22">19318469)</searchLink><br />Hippocampus. 2024 Mar;34(3):126-140. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238140716%22">38140716)</searchLink><br />Behav Neurosci. 2016 Aug;130(4):357-75. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227176564%22">27176564)</searchLink><br />Psychol Rev. 1966 Sep;73(5):459-77. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%225341660%22">5341660)</searchLink><br />Behav Processes. 2017 Aug;141(Pt 1):19-25. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228473250%22">28473250)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2019 Oct;45(4):390-404. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231414879%22">31414879)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2018 Jan;44(1):23-35. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229323516%22">29323516)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2024 Oct;50(4):254-266. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239432328%22">39432328)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2015 Apr;41(2):137-51. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225734756%22">25734756)</searchLink><br />Psychol Sci. 2021 Feb;32(2):204-217. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233395376%22">33395376)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2019 Apr;45(2):185-202. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230945926%22">30945926)</searchLink><br />Q J Exp Psychol B. 1997 Nov;50(4):273-94. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%229421975%22">9421975)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2024 Jan;50(1):1-10. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237930638%22">37930638)</searchLink><br />Behav Processes. 2003 Apr 28;62(1-3):5-25. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212729966%22">12729966)</searchLink><br />Learn Behav. 2006 Feb;34(1):13-20. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216786880%22">16786880)</searchLink><br />J Exp Anal Behav. 1996 May;65(3):575-91. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216812810%22">16812810)</searchLink><br />J Neurosci. 2010 Feb 24;30(8):2911-7. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220181588%22">20181588)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1978 Jan;4(1):22-36. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%22621465%22">621465)</searchLink><br />Nat Commun. 2016 Aug 17;7:12330. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227531638%22">27531638)</searchLink><br />Behav Processes. 2009 Jun;81(2):322-7. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219429226%22">19429226)</searchLink><br />Behav Neurosci. 2014 Apr;128(2):199-206. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224773439%22">24773439)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2019 Apr;45(2):203-221. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230843717%22">30843717)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 2012 Apr;38(2):157-66. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222250789%22">22250789)</searchLink><br />Psychol Rev. 2000 Apr;107(2):289-344. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210789198%22">10789198)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1991 Apr;17(2):141-50. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%222045770%22">2045770)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2024 Jan;50(1):11-24. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238190222%22">38190222)</searchLink>
– Name: GrantInfo
  Label: Grant Information
  Group: Grant
  Data: UKRI; Economic and Social Research Council; Experimental Psychology Society; United Kingdom BB_ Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date(s)
  Group: Date
  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20250512 <i>Date Completed: </i>20250703 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20250807
– Name: DateUpdate
  Label: Update Code
  Group: Date
  Data: 20260130
– Name: PubmedCentralID
  Label: PubMed Central ID
  Group: ID
  Data: PMC12224701
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1037/xan0000396
– Name: AN
  Label: PMID
  Group: ID
  Data: 40354279
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=40354279
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1037/xan0000396
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        StartPage: 126
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Animals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mice
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Male
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cues
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Probability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mice, Inbred C57BL
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Conditioning, Classical physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Extinction, Psychological physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Association Learning physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Reinforcement, Psychology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Probability Learning
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Probability and rate of reinforcement in negative prediction error learning.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Sanderson DJ
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Austen JM
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: McGregor A
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Strickland JA
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 07
              Text: 2025 Jul
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 2329-8464
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 51
            – Type: issue
              Value: 3
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition
              Type: main
ResultId 1