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Dentin permeability and tubule occlusion of dentin treated with NaF and TiF4 varnishes compared to Elmex Opti-namel and Biomin F toothpastes under simulated pulp pressure.

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Title: Dentin permeability and tubule occlusion of dentin treated with NaF and TiF4 varnishes compared to Elmex Opti-namel and Biomin F toothpastes under simulated pulp pressure.
Authors: Mosquim V; Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil; Dental Physical Sciences Unit, Centre for Oral Bioengineering, Institute of Dentistry, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom., Gillam DG; Dental Physical Sciences Unit, Centre for Oral Bioengineering, Institute of Dentistry, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom., Magalhães AC; Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil., Wang L; Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil. Electronic address: wang.linda@usp.br.
Source: Journal of dentistry [J Dent] 2025 Aug; Vol. 159, pp. 105812. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 May 09.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Comparative Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0354422 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-176X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03005712 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Dent Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: Kidlington : Elsevier
Original Publication: Bristol, Eng., Wright.
MeSH Terms: Dentin Permeability*/drug effects , Fluorides*/pharmacology , Sodium Fluoride*/pharmacology , Toothpastes*/pharmacology , Toothpastes*/chemistry , Dentin*/drug effects , Dentin*/ultrastructure , Fluorides, Topical*/pharmacology , Titanium*/pharmacology , Dental Pulp*/physiology , Dental Pulp*/drug effects, Chitosan/pharmacology ; Tooth Erosion/drug therapy ; Tooth Erosion/pathology ; Tin Fluorides/pharmacology ; Dentin Desensitizing Agents/pharmacology ; Silicates/pharmacology ; Humans ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Smear Layer ; Pressure ; Chemical Precipitation ; Citric Acid ; Tin Compounds
Abstract: Objectives: To investigate if a NaF varnish, a TiF4 varnish, a SnCl2+chitosan+amine fluoride/NaF toothpaste (Elmex Opti-namel) and a fluoride-calcium-phospho-silicate glass-containing toothpaste (Biomin F) reduce dentin permeability after treatment and after erosion under simulated pulp pressure, and to assess particle precipitation on dentin.
Methods: Permeability (n = 13/group) was measured under four conditions: with (LpMin) and without smear layer (LpMax), after treatment (LpTreat), and after erosion (LpEro, 1 min, 6 % citric acid). Specimens were analyzed using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), and the number of generated particles was quantified. Data were analyzed using mixed factorial ANOVA, 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests (α=0.05).
Results: Smear layer removal increased the permeability of all groups in nearly 80 %. Biomin F showed significantly lower LpTreat than TiF4 (p < 0.001) and Elmex (p < 0.007), and similar results to NaF (p = 0.24). Only Biomin F presented LpTreat and LpEro significantly lower than LpMax (p < 0.01). LSCM revealed particles on dentin surface and in the tubules of all groups (LpTreat and LpEro). An irregular pattern was observed for NaF on LSCM. After treatment, the number of particles covering the dentin surface was higher for the Elmex toothpaste (p < 0.014). This number was maintained for all groups after erosion, except for the NaF varnish, where a reduction was observed (p = 0.038).
Conclusions: Only Biomin F reduced dentin permeability under simulated pulp pressure and maintained an effect after erosion. All products formed particles in the tubules and on the surface. Yet, erosion reduced the deposits for NaF varnish, but kept constant for TiF4 varnish, Elmex and Biomin F.
Clinical Significance: Despite its lower fluoride concentration, Biomin F toothpaste effectively reduced dentin permeability under simulated pulp pressure and after an erosive challenge in vitro, suggesting its potential for managing erosion-related dentin hypersensitivity.
(Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Victor Mosquim reports financial support was provided by State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation. Linda Wang reports financial support was provided by State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. David Geoffrey Gillam has patent Bioactive glass composition licensed to Queen Mary and Westfield College, London (GB). Ana Carolina Magalhaes has patent Compósito dentário contendo tetrafluoreto de titânio na forma de verniz issued to University of São Paulo. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. DGG has patents on fluorine-containing bioactive glasses such as the one used in the Biomin F toothpaste used in this study. ACM has a patent on the TiF(4) varnish used in this study.
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Dentin sensitivity; Fluorapatite; Fluorides; Stannous chloride; Tin fluorides; Titanium tetrafluoride; Tooth erosion
Substance Nomenclature: Q80VPU408O (Fluorides)
8ZYQ1474W7 (Sodium Fluoride)
0 (Toothpastes)
0 (Fluorides, Topical)
T08RW8YRG1 (titanium tetrafluoride)
D1JT611TNE (Titanium)
9012-76-4 (Chitosan)
0 (Tin Fluorides)
2968PHW8QP (Citric Acid)
0 (Dentin Desensitizing Agents)
1BQV3749L5 (stannous chloride)
0 (Silicates)
0 (Tin Compounds)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20250511 Date Completed: 20250613 Latest Revision: 20260610
Update Code: 20260610
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2025.105812
PMID: 40349908
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: Dentin permeability and tubule occlusion of dentin treated with NaF and TiF&lt;subscript&gt;4&lt;/subscript&gt; varnishes compared to Elmex Opti-namel and Biomin F toothpastes under simulated pulp pressure.
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– Name: SubjectMESH
  Label: MeSH Terms
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Dentin+Permeability%22&quot;&gt;Dentin Permeability*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Dentin+Permeability+drug+effects%22&quot;&gt;drug effects&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Fluorides%22&quot;&gt;Fluorides*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Fluorides+pharmacology%22&quot;&gt;pharmacology&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Sodium+Fluoride%22&quot;&gt;Sodium Fluoride*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Sodium+Fluoride+pharmacology%22&quot;&gt;pharmacology&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Toothpastes%22&quot;&gt;Toothpastes*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Toothpastes+pharmacology%22&quot;&gt;pharmacology&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Toothpastes%22&quot;&gt;Toothpastes*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Toothpastes+chemistry%22&quot;&gt;chemistry&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Dentin%22&quot;&gt;Dentin*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Dentin+drug+effects%22&quot;&gt;drug effects&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Dentin%22&quot;&gt;Dentin*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Dentin+ultrastructure%22&quot;&gt;ultrastructure&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Fluorides%2C+Topical%22&quot;&gt;Fluorides, Topical*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Fluorides%2C+Topical+pharmacology%22&quot;&gt;pharmacology&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Titanium%22&quot;&gt;Titanium*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Titanium+pharmacology%22&quot;&gt;pharmacology&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Dental+Pulp%22&quot;&gt;Dental Pulp*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Dental+Pulp+physiology%22&quot;&gt;physiology&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Dental+Pulp%22&quot;&gt;Dental Pulp*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Dental+Pulp+drug+effects%22&quot;&gt;drug effects&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Chitosan%22&quot;&gt;Chitosan&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Chitosan+pharmacology%22&quot;&gt;pharmacology&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Tooth+Erosion%22&quot;&gt;Tooth Erosion&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Tooth+Erosion+drug+therapy%22&quot;&gt;drug therapy&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Tooth+Erosion%22&quot;&gt;Tooth Erosion&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Tooth+Erosion+pathology%22&quot;&gt;pathology&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Tin+Fluorides%22&quot;&gt;Tin Fluorides&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Tin+Fluorides+pharmacology%22&quot;&gt;pharmacology&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Dentin+Desensitizing+Agents%22&quot;&gt;Dentin Desensitizing Agents&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Dentin+Desensitizing+Agents+pharmacology%22&quot;&gt;pharmacology&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Silicates%22&quot;&gt;Silicates&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Silicates+pharmacology%22&quot;&gt;pharmacology&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Humans%22&quot;&gt;Humans&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Microscopy%2C+Confocal%22&quot;&gt;Microscopy, Confocal&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Smear+Layer%22&quot;&gt;Smear Layer&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Pressure%22&quot;&gt;Pressure&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Chemical+Precipitation%22&quot;&gt;Chemical Precipitation&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Citric+Acid%22&quot;&gt;Citric Acid&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Tin+Compounds%22&quot;&gt;Tin Compounds&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Objectives: To investigate if a NaF varnish, a TiF&lt;subscript&gt;4&lt;/subscript&gt; varnish, a SnCl&lt;subscript&gt;2&lt;/subscript&gt;+chitosan+amine fluoride/NaF toothpaste (Elmex Opti-namel) and a fluoride-calcium-phospho-silicate glass-containing toothpaste (Biomin F) reduce dentin permeability after treatment and after erosion under simulated pulp pressure, and to assess particle precipitation on dentin.&lt;br /&gt;Methods: Permeability (n = 13/group) was measured under four conditions: with (LpMin) and without smear layer (LpMax), after treatment (LpTreat), and after erosion (LpEro, 1 min, 6 % citric acid). Specimens were analyzed using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), and the number of generated particles was quantified. Data were analyzed using mixed factorial ANOVA, 2-way ANOVA and Tukey&#39;s post-hoc tests (α=0.05).&lt;br /&gt;Results: Smear layer removal increased the permeability of all groups in nearly 80 %. Biomin F showed significantly lower LpTreat than TiF&lt;subscript&gt;4&lt;/subscript&gt; (p &amp;lt; 0.001) and Elmex (p &amp;lt; 0.007), and similar results to NaF (p = 0.24). Only Biomin F presented LpTreat and LpEro significantly lower than LpMax (p &amp;lt; 0.01). LSCM revealed particles on dentin surface and in the tubules of all groups (LpTreat and LpEro). An irregular pattern was observed for NaF on LSCM. After treatment, the number of particles covering the dentin surface was higher for the Elmex toothpaste (p &amp;lt; 0.014). This number was maintained for all groups after erosion, except for the NaF varnish, where a reduction was observed (p = 0.038).&lt;br /&gt;Conclusions: Only Biomin F reduced dentin permeability under simulated pulp pressure and maintained an effect after erosion. All products formed particles in the tubules and on the surface. Yet, erosion reduced the deposits for NaF varnish, but kept constant for TiF&lt;subscript&gt;4&lt;/subscript&gt; varnish, Elmex and Biomin F.&lt;br /&gt;Clinical Significance: Despite its lower fluoride concentration, Biomin F toothpaste effectively reduced dentin permeability under simulated pulp pressure and after an erosive challenge in vitro, suggesting its potential for managing erosion-related dentin hypersensitivity.&lt;br /&gt; (Copyright &#169; 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Victor Mosquim reports financial support was provided by State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation. Linda Wang reports financial support was provided by State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. David Geoffrey Gillam has patent Bioactive glass composition licensed to Queen Mary and Westfield College, London (GB). Ana Carolina Magalhaes has patent Comp&#243;sito dent&#225;rio contendo tetrafluoreto de tit&#226;nio na forma de verniz issued to University of S&#227;o Paulo. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. DGG has patents on fluorine-containing bioactive glasses such as the one used in the Biomin F toothpaste used in this study. ACM has a patent on the TiF(4) varnish used in this study.
– Name: SubjectMinor
  Label: Contributed Indexing
  Group:
  Data: &lt;i&gt;Keywords: &lt;/i&gt;Dentin sensitivity; Fluorapatite; Fluorides; Stannous chloride; Tin fluorides; Titanium tetrafluoride; Tooth erosion
– Name: NumberCAS
  Label: Substance Nomenclature
  Group: ID
  Data: Q80VPU408O (Fluorides)&lt;br /&gt;8ZYQ1474W7 (Sodium Fluoride)&lt;br /&gt;0 (Toothpastes)&lt;br /&gt;0 (Fluorides, Topical)&lt;br /&gt;T08RW8YRG1 (titanium tetrafluoride)&lt;br /&gt;D1JT611TNE (Titanium)&lt;br /&gt;9012-76-4 (Chitosan)&lt;br /&gt;0 (Tin Fluorides)&lt;br /&gt;2968PHW8QP (Citric Acid)&lt;br /&gt;0 (Dentin Desensitizing Agents)&lt;br /&gt;1BQV3749L5 (stannous chloride)&lt;br /&gt;0 (Silicates)&lt;br /&gt;0 (Tin Compounds)
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Date Created: &lt;/i&gt;20250511 &lt;i&gt;Date Completed: &lt;/i&gt;20250613 &lt;i&gt;Latest Revision: &lt;/i&gt;20260610
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  Data: 20260610
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  Data: 10.1016/j.jdent.2025.105812
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  Data: 40349908
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=40349908
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        Value: 10.1016/j.jdent.2025.105812
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        StartPage: 105812
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Chitosan pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Tooth Erosion drug therapy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Tooth Erosion pathology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Tin Fluorides pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dentin Desensitizing Agents pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Silicates pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Humans
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microscopy, Confocal
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Smear Layer
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pressure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chemical Precipitation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Citric Acid
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Tin Compounds
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dentin Permeability drug effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fluorides pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sodium Fluoride pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Toothpastes pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Toothpastes chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dentin drug effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dentin ultrastructure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fluorides, Topical pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Titanium pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dental Pulp physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dental Pulp drug effects
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Dentin permeability and tubule occlusion of dentin treated with NaF and TiF4 varnishes compared to Elmex Opti-namel and Biomin F toothpastes under simulated pulp pressure.
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            – D: 01
              M: 08
              Text: 2025 Aug
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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