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Simple Summary: Biting midges of the genus Culicoides are important in veterinary entomology, but published evidence on their distribution in Türkiye is uneven across provinces and biogeographical regions. This review organizes the literature into linked evidence layers covering eligible reports, national taxonomy, locality- and province-level occurrences, assemblage composition, and vector-related findings. Reported Culicoides richness is strongly shaped by unequal sampling: well-studied provinces have more recorded species, whereas poorly sampled areas may appear species-poor because they remain under-documented. Regional assemblages show broad compositional differences, but the literature-derived data cannot determine whether climate, elevation, livestock distribution, habitat, or other environmental factors drive these patterns. Vector-related evidence is likewise too sparse and heterogeneous for reliable species–pathogen risk rankings or predictive maps. The available evidence instead identifies where surveillance is strongest and where major gaps remain. Future work should use standardized, seasonally replicated sampling across Türkiye's biogeographical sectors and transition zones, combine morphological and molecular identification, and integrate vector abundance with host-feeding, pathogen, weather, habitat, and livestock data. Coordinated long-term surveillance would help distinguish true ecological patterns from uneven documentation and test climate-sensitive changes in Culicoides distribution, phenology, and vector-related risk. Culicoides biting midges are important veterinary vectors, yet reported distributional patterns in Türkiye may reflect both ecological structure and uneven sampling. We synthesized 58 eligible Türkiye-specific reports (50 database-derived and eight citation-traced), consolidated them into 43 study/data-source families, and compiled 1164 taxon records representing 62 taxa. The all-explicit province dataset included 33 provinces and 45 taxa, whereas the primary province dataset included 18 provinces and 43 taxa. National taxonomic sources supported 72 species within the eligible evidence chain and 74 under a later taxonomic interpretation. Reported richness was strongly associated with sampling effort (Poisson coefficient = 0.579, 95% CI: 0.385–0.773), whereas biogeographical region was not significant after effort was accounted for (likelihood-ratio p = 0.914). Jaccard PERMANOVA identified an exploratory regional compositional pattern (F = 4.388, R2 = 0.369, p = 0.001; PERMDISP p = 0.325), with turnover accounting for approximately 78% of mean between-region dissimilarity. Most richness diagnostics ranged from 54 to 64 taxa, whereas Chao2 was unstable (69.6; 95% CI: 49.5–152.0). Vector-related evidence remained insufficient for species–pathogen risk modeling. Overall, the synthesis is consistent with a Wallacean shortfall strongly associated with uneven sampling and supports standardized, biogeographically balanced surveillance to test transition-zone structure, climate-sensitive phenology and redistribution, and integrated vector-host-pathogen hypotheses under comparable sampling effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |