Do TBT free-antifouling booster biocides pose a threat to the marine environment?
Aim of the study was to investigate the existing literature in order to evaluate the risk associated to the use of TBT free-antifouling booster biocides. More specifically, a preliminary investigation was carried out to assess the potential threat posed to target and non-target marine organisms by t...
Αποθηκεύτηκε σε:
| Κύριος συγγραφέας: | |
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| Άλλοι συγγραφείς: | |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Δημοσίευση: |
2019
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| Θέματα: | |
| Διαθέσιμο Online: | http://hdl.handle.net/11610/19361 |
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| Περίληψη: | Aim of the study was to investigate the existing literature in order to evaluate the risk associated to the use of TBT free-antifouling booster biocides. More specifically, a preliminary investigation was carried out to assess the potential threat posed to target and non-target marine organisms by the use of nine alternative booster biocides: chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, diuron, irgarol 1051, sea nine 211, TCMS pyridine, zinc pyrithione (ZnPT), copper pytithione (CuPT), and zineb. It is well known that antifouling paints are used to protect any submerged surface from the adhesion of aquatic species, well known as the biofouling phenomena. Although fouling is a natural process, it results to serious operational, economical and safety issues. Booster biocides were introduced into the market as alternatives of TBT and the formulation of the commercial products comprises mostly percentages of close to 5% of booster biocide and ≥ 40% of copper compound, the latter being added to strengthen antifouling efficacy. As copper based compounds leaching of copper from submerged surfaces is expected, thus leading to increased levels of copper (Cu2+) in the marine environment. TBT free-antifouling booster biocides show to be less persistent in the marine environment while they are not characterized by endocrine disrupting properties, as was the case of TBTs. However, it should be mentioned that sea nine 211 has been recently discriminated as an endocrine disruptor indicating the need for further investigation. Research carried out focused mostly on laboratory experiments dealing with the fate and behaviour of booster biocides. Accordingly, most toxicities tests have been carried out with single compounds and effects refer mostly to acute toxicities. However, little information exists on the toxicity of booster biocides on three trophic levels (algae, crustacea, and fish) while data on chronic or sub-lethal effects are limited. Recent research (later than 2010) carried out at different parts of world and the concentrations levels reported suggest the widespread use of TBT free-antifouling paints (irgarol, diuron, metalpyrithiones, etc) in harbours and marinas. Elevated concentrations of the alternative booster biocides irgarol 1051, diuron, sea-nine 211, copper pyrithione, and their degradation metabolites are reported in coastal areas due to their widespread use on ship/recreational and fishery boats while new upcoming monitoring studies reveal their occurrence in coastal areas especially in harbors and marinas. Worldwide, there is still an increasing scientific concern over the environmental occurrence and persistence, the fate and toxicity of these booster biocides as most relevant studies focused on single biocides by neglecting i.e. mixture toxicities and any synergistic, additive or antagonistic combined effects to marine species. More precisely, risks and effects associated with the use of biocides to target and non-target organisms should be further evaluated. Finally, EU established by 2008 and 2017 respectively, that diuron and irgarol 1051 should not be used as active ingredients of antifouling paints. By bearing in mind the „precautionary principle‟ in respect to the use of booster biocides, policies can be addressed for pollution mitigation and preservation of marine systems as well as for the protection of human health. |
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