Ruby: Unmasking Unsafe Rust in Stripped Binaries via Machine Learning - Cheng, Xiang; Park, Sangdon; Han, HyungSeok; Zhang, Xiaokuan; Kim, Taesoo (2026 56th Annual IEEE International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN), Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN), 2026 56th Annual IEEE International Conference on, DSN, 2026)