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Development of a diagnostic checklist to identify functional cognitive disorder versus other neurocognitive disorders

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Title: Development of a diagnostic checklist to identify functional cognitive disorder versus other neurocognitive disorders
Authors: Cabreira, V, Alty, J, Antic, S, Araujo, R, Aybek, S, Ball, HA, Baslet, G, Bhome, R, Coebergh, J, Dubois, B, Edwards, M, Filipovic, SR, Frederiksen, KS, Harbo, T, Hayhow, B, Howard, R, Huntley, J, Isaacs, JD, Lafrance, C, Larner, A, Di Lorenzo, F, Main, J, Mallam, E, Marra, C, Massano, J, Mcgrath, ER, Portela Moreira, I, Nobili, F, Pal, S, Pennington, CM, Tabuas-Pereira, M, Perez, D, Popkirov, S, Rayment, D, Rossor, M, Russo, M, Santana, I, Schott, J, Scott, EP, Taipa, R, Teodoro, T, Tinazzi, M, Tomic, S, Toniolo, S, Torring, CW, Wilkinson, T, Zeidler, M, Frostholm, L, Mcwhirter, L, Stone, J, Carson, A
Publisher Information: BMJ Publishing Group
Publication Year: 2025
Collection: St George's University of London: Repository
Description: Background Functional cognitive disorder (FCD) poses a diagnostic challenge due to its resemblance to other neurocognitive disorders and limited biomarker accuracy. We aimed to develop a new diagnostic checklist to identify FCD versus other neurocognitive disorders. Methods The clinical checklist was developed through mixed methods: (1) a literature review, (2) a three-round Delphi study with 45 clinicians from 12 countries and (3) a pilot discriminative accuracy study in consecutive patients attending seven memory services across the UK. Items gathering consensus were incorporated into a pilot checklist. Item redundancy was evaluated with phi coefficients. A briefer checklist was produced by removing items with >10% missing data. Internal validity was tested using Cronbach’s alpha. Optimal cut-off scores were determined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results A full 11-item checklist and a 7-item briefer checklist were produced. Overall, 239 patients (143 FCD, 96 non-FCD diagnoses) were included. The checklist scores were significantly different across subgroups (FCD and other neurocognitive disorders) (F(2, 236)=313.3, p<0.001). The area under the curve was excellent for both the full checklist (0.97, 95% CI 0.95 to 0.99) and its brief version (0.96, 95% CI 0.93 to 0.98). Optimal cut-off scores corresponded to a specificity of 97% and positive predictive value of 91% for identifying FCD. Both versions showed good internal validity (>0.80). Conclusions This pilot study shows that a brief clinical checklist may serve as a quick complementary tool to differentiate patients with neurodegeneration from those with FCD. Prospective blind large-scale validation in diverse populations is warranted.
Document Type: article in journal/newspaper
File Description: application/pdf
Language: English
ISSN: 2632-6140
Relation: https://openaccess.sgul.ac.uk/id/eprint/117284/1/e000918.full.pdf; https://openaccess.sgul.ac.uk/id/eprint/117284/3/inline-supplementary-material-1.pdf; Cabreira, V; Alty, J; Antic, S; Araujo, R; Aybek, S; Ball, HA; Baslet, G; Bhome, R; Coebergh, J; Dubois, B; et al. Cabreira, V; Alty, J; Antic, S; Araujo, R; Aybek, S; Ball, HA; Baslet, G; Bhome, R; Coebergh, J; Dubois, B; Edwards, M; Filipovic, SR; Frederiksen, KS; Harbo, T; Hayhow, B; Howard, R; Huntley, J; Isaacs, JD; Lafrance, C; Larner, A; Di Lorenzo, F; Main, J; Mallam, E; Marra, C; Massano, J; Mcgrath, ER; Portela Moreira, I; Nobili, F; Pal, S; Pennington, CM; Tabuas-Pereira, M; Perez, D; Popkirov, S; Rayment, D; Rossor, M; Russo, M; Santana, I; Schott, J; Scott, EP; Taipa, R; Teodoro, T; Tinazzi, M; Tomic, S; Toniolo, S; Torring, CW; Wilkinson, T; Zeidler, M; Frostholm, L; Mcwhirter, L; Stone, J; Carson, A (2025) Development of a diagnostic checklist to identify functional cognitive disorder versus other neurocognitive disorders. BMJ NEUROLOGY OPEN, 7 (1). e000918. ISSN 2632-6140 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjno-2024-000918 SGUL Authors: Coebergh, Jan
DOI: 10.1136/bmjno-2024-000918
Availability: https://openaccess.sgul.ac.uk/id/eprint/117284/
https://openaccess.sgul.ac.uk/id/eprint/117284/1/e000918.full.pdf
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjno-2024-000918
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  Data: Background Functional cognitive disorder (FCD) poses a diagnostic challenge due to its resemblance to other neurocognitive disorders and limited biomarker accuracy. We aimed to develop a new diagnostic checklist to identify FCD versus other neurocognitive disorders. Methods The clinical checklist was developed through mixed methods: (1) a literature review, (2) a three-round Delphi study with 45 clinicians from 12 countries and (3) a pilot discriminative accuracy study in consecutive patients attending seven memory services across the UK. Items gathering consensus were incorporated into a pilot checklist. Item redundancy was evaluated with phi coefficients. A briefer checklist was produced by removing items with &gt;10% missing data. Internal validity was tested using Cronbach’s alpha. Optimal cut-off scores were determined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results A full 11-item checklist and a 7-item briefer checklist were produced. Overall, 239 patients (143 FCD, 96 non-FCD diagnoses) were included. The checklist scores were significantly different across subgroups (FCD and other neurocognitive disorders) (F(2, 236)=313.3, p&lt;0.001). The area under the curve was excellent for both the full checklist (0.97, 95% CI 0.95 to 0.99) and its brief version (0.96, 95% CI 0.93 to 0.98). Optimal cut-off scores corresponded to a specificity of 97% and positive predictive value of 91% for identifying FCD. Both versions showed good internal validity (&gt;0.80). Conclusions This pilot study shows that a brief clinical checklist may serve as a quick complementary tool to differentiate patients with neurodegeneration from those with FCD. Prospective blind large-scale validation in diverse populations is warranted.
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  Data: https://openaccess.sgul.ac.uk/id/eprint/117284/1/e000918.full.pdf; https://openaccess.sgul.ac.uk/id/eprint/117284/3/inline-supplementary-material-1.pdf; Cabreira, V; Alty, J; Antic, S; Araujo, R; Aybek, S; Ball, HA; Baslet, G; Bhome, R; Coebergh, J; Dubois, B; et al. Cabreira, V; Alty, J; Antic, S; Araujo, R; Aybek, S; Ball, HA; Baslet, G; Bhome, R; Coebergh, J; Dubois, B; Edwards, M; Filipovic, SR; Frederiksen, KS; Harbo, T; Hayhow, B; Howard, R; Huntley, J; Isaacs, JD; Lafrance, C; Larner, A; Di Lorenzo, F; Main, J; Mallam, E; Marra, C; Massano, J; Mcgrath, ER; Portela Moreira, I; Nobili, F; Pal, S; Pennington, CM; Tabuas-Pereira, M; Perez, D; Popkirov, S; Rayment, D; Rossor, M; Russo, M; Santana, I; Schott, J; Scott, EP; Taipa, R; Teodoro, T; Tinazzi, M; Tomic, S; Toniolo, S; Torring, CW; Wilkinson, T; Zeidler, M; Frostholm, L; Mcwhirter, L; Stone, J; Carson, A (2025) Development of a diagnostic checklist to identify functional cognitive disorder versus other neurocognitive disorders. BMJ NEUROLOGY OPEN, 7 (1). e000918. ISSN 2632-6140 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjno-2024-000918 SGUL Authors: Coebergh, Jan
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            NameFull: Toniolo, S
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Torring, CW
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Wilkinson, T
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Zeidler, M
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Frostholm, L
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Mcwhirter, L
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Stone, J
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Carson, A
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 01
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 26326140
            – Type: issn-locals
              Value: edsbas
            – Type: issn-locals
              Value: edsbas.oa
ResultId 1