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Search for Gamma-Ray Spectral Lines from Dark Matter Annihilation up to 100 TeV toward the Galactic Center with MAGIC

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Title: Search for Gamma-Ray Spectral Lines from Dark Matter Annihilation up to 100 TeV toward the Galactic Center with MAGIC
Authors: Carretero-Castrillo, Mar, Molina, Edgar, Paredes i Poy, Josep Maria, Ribó Gomis, Marc, MAGIC Collaboration
Source: Articles publicats en revistes (Física Quàntica i Astrofísica)
Publisher Information: American Physical Society (APS), 2025.
Publication Year: 2025
Subject Terms: Raigs gamma, Telescopis, Dark matter (Astronomy), Gamma rays, Matèria fosca (Astronomia), Telescopes
Description: Aims. The BL Lac 1ES 2344+514 is known for temporary extreme properties characterised by a shift of the synchrotron spectral energy distribution (SED) peak energy νsynch, p above 1 keV. While those extreme states have only been observed during high flux levels thus far, additional multi-year observing campaigns are required to achieve a coherent picture. Here, we report the longest investigation of the source from radio to very high energy (VHE) performed so far, focussing on a systematic characterisation of the intermittent extreme states. Methods. We organised a monitoring campaign covering a 3-year period from 2019 to 2021. More than ten instruments participated in the observations in order to cover the emission from radio to VHE. In particular, sensitive X-ray measurements by XMM-Newton, NuSTAR, and AstroSat took place simultaneously with multi-hour MAGIC observations, providing an unprecedented constraint of the two SED components for this blazar. Results. While our results confirm that 1ES 2344+514 typically exhibits νsynch, p > 1 keV during elevated flux periods, we also find periods where the extreme state coincides with low flux activity. A strong spectral variability thus happens in the quiescent state, and is likely caused by an increase in the electron acceleration efficiency without a change in the electron injection luminosity. On the other hand, we also report a strong X-ray flare (among the brightest for 1ES 2344+514) without a significant shift of νsynch, p. During this particular flare, the X-ray spectrum is among the softest of the campaign. It unveils complexity in the spectral evolution, where the common harder-when-brighter trend observed in BL Lacs is violated. By combining Swift-XRT and Swift-UVOT measurements during a low and hard X-ray state, we find an excess of the UV flux with respect to an extrapolation of the X-ray spectrum to lower energies. This UV excess implies that at least two regions significantly contribute to the infrared/optical/ultraviolet/X-ray emission. Using the simultaneous MAGIC, XMM-Newton, NuSTAR, and AstroSat observations, we argue that a region possibly associated with the 10 GHz radio core may explain such an excess. Finally, we investigate a VHE flare, showing an absence of simultaneous variability in the 0.3−2 keV band. Using time-dependent leptonic modelling, we show that this behaviour, in contradiction to single-zone scenarios, can instead be explained by a two-component model.
Document Type: Article
File Description: application/pdf
Language: English
Access URL: https://hdl.handle.net/2445/221242
Accession Number: edsair.od.......963..bb1485dec9ecb7ccbffa07d6e0fd19a6
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  Data: Search for Gamma-Ray Spectral Lines from Dark Matter Annihilation up to 100 TeV toward the Galactic Center with MAGIC
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Carretero-Castrillo%2C+Mar%22">Carretero-Castrillo, Mar</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Molina%2C+Edgar%22">Molina, Edgar</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Paredes+i+Poy%2C+Josep+Maria%22">Paredes i Poy, Josep Maria</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ribó+Gomis%2C+Marc%22">Ribó Gomis, Marc</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22MAGIC+Collaboration%22">MAGIC Collaboration</searchLink>
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  Data: Articles publicats en revistes (Física Quàntica i Astrofísica)
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  Data: American Physical Society (APS), 2025.
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  Data: 2025
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Raigs+gamma%22">Raigs gamma</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Telescopis%22">Telescopis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dark+matter+%28Astronomy%29%22">Dark matter (Astronomy)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gamma+rays%22">Gamma rays</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Matèria+fosca+%28Astronomia%29%22">Matèria fosca (Astronomia)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Telescopes%22">Telescopes</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Description
  Group: Ab
  Data: Aims. The BL Lac 1ES 2344+514 is known for temporary extreme properties characterised by a shift of the synchrotron spectral energy distribution (SED) peak energy νsynch, p above 1 keV. While those extreme states have only been observed during high flux levels thus far, additional multi-year observing campaigns are required to achieve a coherent picture. Here, we report the longest investigation of the source from radio to very high energy (VHE) performed so far, focussing on a systematic characterisation of the intermittent extreme states. Methods. We organised a monitoring campaign covering a 3-year period from 2019 to 2021. More than ten instruments participated in the observations in order to cover the emission from radio to VHE. In particular, sensitive X-ray measurements by XMM-Newton, NuSTAR, and AstroSat took place simultaneously with multi-hour MAGIC observations, providing an unprecedented constraint of the two SED components for this blazar. Results. While our results confirm that 1ES 2344+514 typically exhibits νsynch, p > 1 keV during elevated flux periods, we also find periods where the extreme state coincides with low flux activity. A strong spectral variability thus happens in the quiescent state, and is likely caused by an increase in the electron acceleration efficiency without a change in the electron injection luminosity. On the other hand, we also report a strong X-ray flare (among the brightest for 1ES 2344+514) without a significant shift of νsynch, p. During this particular flare, the X-ray spectrum is among the softest of the campaign. It unveils complexity in the spectral evolution, where the common harder-when-brighter trend observed in BL Lacs is violated. By combining Swift-XRT and Swift-UVOT measurements during a low and hard X-ray state, we find an excess of the UV flux with respect to an extrapolation of the X-ray spectrum to lower energies. This UV excess implies that at least two regions significantly contribute to the infrared/optical/ultraviolet/X-ray emission. Using the simultaneous MAGIC, XMM-Newton, NuSTAR, and AstroSat observations, we argue that a region possibly associated with the 10 GHz radio core may explain such an excess. Finally, we investigate a VHE flare, showing an absence of simultaneous variability in the 0.3−2 keV band. Using time-dependent leptonic modelling, we show that this behaviour, in contradiction to single-zone scenarios, can instead be explained by a two-component model.
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  BibEntity:
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Raigs gamma
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Telescopis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dark matter (Astronomy)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Gamma rays
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Matèria fosca (Astronomia)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Telescopes
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Search for Gamma-Ray Spectral Lines from Dark Matter Annihilation up to 100 TeV toward the Galactic Center with MAGIC
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            NameFull: Carretero-Castrillo, Mar
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            NameFull: Molina, Edgar
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            NameFull: Paredes i Poy, Josep Maria
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            NameFull: Ribó Gomis, Marc
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            NameFull: MAGIC Collaboration
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            – D: 27
              M: 05
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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