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Protein supplementation and the gut microbiome, metabolites, integrity, and inflammation in human adults: a scoping review of current evidence and gaps.

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Τίτλος: Protein supplementation and the gut microbiome, metabolites, integrity, and inflammation in human adults: a scoping review of current evidence and gaps.
Συγγραφείς: Dauphinee, Cate, Lohnes, Owen, Kebbe, Maryam
Πηγή: Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism; 9/21/2026, Vol. 51, p1-15, 15p
Θεματικοί όροι: Inflammation prevention, Medical information storage & retrieval systems, Food consumption, Exercise, Gut microbiota, CINAHL database, Caseins, Descriptive statistics, Food animals, Metabolites, Systematic reviews, MEDLINE, Fermentation, Plant-based diet, Protein content of food, Vegetables, Dietary proteins, Soy proteins, Dietary supplements, Whey proteins, Biomarkers, Polyphenols, Diet therapy, Diet in disease, Adults
Περίληψη: This scoping review systematically evaluated the effects of protein supplements on the gut microbiome, metabolites, integrity, and inflammation. Studies investigating plant- or animal-based protein supplements in adults were identified from five electronic databases. Data were thematically synthesized; study quality was appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Fourteen studies were included: whey protein (n = 9), pea protein (n = 3), soy protein (n = 2), and casein protein (n = 1). Doses ranged from 10–85 g/day (whey), 7.3–25 g/day or 30% of total energy (pea), and 15–40 g/day (soy). Intervention durations ranged from 4 days to 12 weeks (whey), 31 days to 12 weeks (pea), and 17–21 days (soy). Most studies found minimal effects on gut microbial alpha- and beta-diversity, although taxa-specific shifts were observed. Whey protein was associated with increases in Veillonellaceae, Bacteroides, and Bifidobacterium, while pea protein showed reductions in Firmicutes and Bacteroidota. Functional and metabolomic outcomes were inconsistent, with some evidence of altered amino acid-derived metabolites and polyphenol-related compounds, particularly in studies involving co-interventions. No consistent effects on gut barrier integrity or inflammatory markers were observed. Importantly, protein supplementation was rarely evaluated in isolation, with many studies incorporating co-interventions (e.g., exercise, caloric restriction, fermentation, or pre-/probiotic and polyphenol enrichment) that may independently influence the gut microbiome. As such, observed effects likely reflect combined exposures rather than protein alone, varying by protein type, dose, co-supplementation, population characteristics, and study conditions. Well-controlled studies that isolate protein effects are needed to clarify the mechanistic and clinical relevance of protein supplementation on gut health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Βάση Δεδομένων: Complementary Index
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DbLabel: Complementary Index
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PubType: Academic Journal
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  Data: Protein supplementation and the gut microbiome, metabolites, integrity, and inflammation in human adults: a scoping review of current evidence and gaps.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dauphinee%2C+Cate%22">Dauphinee, Cate</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lohnes%2C+Owen%22">Lohnes, Owen</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kebbe%2C+Maryam%22">Kebbe, Maryam</searchLink>
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  Data: Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism; 9/21/2026, Vol. 51, p1-15, 15p
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This scoping review systematically evaluated the effects of protein supplements on the gut microbiome, metabolites, integrity, and inflammation. Studies investigating plant- or animal-based protein supplements in adults were identified from five electronic databases. Data were thematically synthesized; study quality was appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Fourteen studies were included: whey protein (n = 9), pea protein (n = 3), soy protein (n = 2), and casein protein (n = 1). Doses ranged from 10–85 g/day (whey), 7.3–25 g/day or 30% of total energy (pea), and 15–40 g/day (soy). Intervention durations ranged from 4 days to 12 weeks (whey), 31 days to 12 weeks (pea), and 17–21 days (soy). Most studies found minimal effects on gut microbial alpha- and beta-diversity, although taxa-specific shifts were observed. Whey protein was associated with increases in Veillonellaceae, Bacteroides, and Bifidobacterium, while pea protein showed reductions in Firmicutes and Bacteroidota. Functional and metabolomic outcomes were inconsistent, with some evidence of altered amino acid-derived metabolites and polyphenol-related compounds, particularly in studies involving co-interventions. No consistent effects on gut barrier integrity or inflammatory markers were observed. Importantly, protein supplementation was rarely evaluated in isolation, with many studies incorporating co-interventions (e.g., exercise, caloric restriction, fermentation, or pre-/probiotic and polyphenol enrichment) that may independently influence the gut microbiome. As such, observed effects likely reflect combined exposures rather than protein alone, varying by protein type, dose, co-supplementation, population characteristics, and study conditions. Well-controlled studies that isolate protein effects are needed to clarify the mechanistic and clinical relevance of protein supplementation on gut health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: Abstract
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edb&AN=197201027
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1139/apnm-2025-0496
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 15
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Inflammation prevention
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Medical information storage & retrieval systems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Food consumption
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Exercise
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Gut microbiota
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      – SubjectFull: CINAHL database
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      – SubjectFull: Caseins
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      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
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      – SubjectFull: Food animals
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      – SubjectFull: Metabolites
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      – SubjectFull: MEDLINE
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      – SubjectFull: Fermentation
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      – SubjectFull: Plant-based diet
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      – SubjectFull: Protein content of food
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      – SubjectFull: Dietary proteins
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      – SubjectFull: Whey proteins
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      – SubjectFull: Biomarkers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Polyphenols
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Diet therapy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Diet in disease
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Adults
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Protein supplementation and the gut microbiome, metabolites, integrity, and inflammation in human adults: a scoping review of current evidence and gaps.
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              Text: 9/21/2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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