Academic Journal
Efficient Conversion of Urea-Based Non-Protein Nitrogen to Microbial Protein: Mechanisms, Regulation and Industrial Prospects.
| Τίτλος: | Efficient Conversion of Urea-Based Non-Protein Nitrogen to Microbial Protein: Mechanisms, Regulation and Industrial Prospects. |
|---|---|
| Συγγραφείς: | Wang, Bing, Gao, Jingyan, Zhang, Furan, Luan, Jian |
| Πηγή: | Fermentation (Basel); Jul2026, Vol. 12 Issue 7, p331, 16p |
| Θεματικοί όροι: | Nitrogen compounds, Microbial metabolism, Feed industry, Industrial applications, Bacterial proteins, Fermentation, Nitrogen excretion |
| Περίληψη: | Possessing a high nitrogen content, low cost and stable supply, urea serves as a critical non-protein nitrogen (NPN) source that represents a promising alternative to conventional protein feedstocks for reducing production costs in microbial protein (MP) synthesis. This article systematically discusses the application potential of urea in MP production, the metabolic pathways governing microbial urea utilization, and the key factors influencing the conversion efficiency of urea to microbial protein. Herein, we summarize recent progress in urea modification technologies covering slow-release urea, extruded urea, and urea-based composite preparations and elucidate the complete metabolic mechanisms of urea assimilation in both rumen fermentation and in vitro cultivation, including transmembrane transport, urease-catalyzed hydrolysis, ammonia assimilation, and MP synthesis. Furthermore, we analyze the regulatory effects of dietary energy level, carbohydrate structure, protein concentration, forage quality, urea formulation type, and functional additives on nitrogen utilization efficiency. Current evidence indicates substantial knowledge gaps regarding urea transporter functionality, the coordinated regulation of UC and nitrogen assimilation pathways, microbial community interactions, and the stability control of industrial-scale production. The development of high-efficiency utilization technologies, feed safety evaluation systems, and precision feeding models for industrial applications remains incomplete. This article seeks to provide a thorough theoretical reference for the efficient utilization, mechanistic elucidation, and industrial promotion of urea-based nitrogen sources within MP production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Fermentation (Basel) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | Complementary Index |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Efficient Conversion of Urea-Based Non-Protein Nitrogen to Microbial Protein: Mechanisms, Regulation and Industrial Prospects. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Bing%22">Wang, Bing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gao%2C+Jingyan%22">Gao, Jingyan</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Furan%22">Zhang, Furan</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Luan%2C+Jian%22">Luan, Jian</searchLink> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: Fermentation (Basel); Jul2026, Vol. 12 Issue 7, p331, 16p – Name: Subject Label: Subject Terms Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nitrogen+compounds%22">Nitrogen compounds</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microbial+metabolism%22">Microbial metabolism</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Feed+industry%22">Feed industry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Industrial+applications%22">Industrial applications</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bacterial+proteins%22">Bacterial proteins</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fermentation%22">Fermentation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nitrogen+excretion%22">Nitrogen excretion</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Possessing a high nitrogen content, low cost and stable supply, urea serves as a critical non-protein nitrogen (NPN) source that represents a promising alternative to conventional protein feedstocks for reducing production costs in microbial protein (MP) synthesis. This article systematically discusses the application potential of urea in MP production, the metabolic pathways governing microbial urea utilization, and the key factors influencing the conversion efficiency of urea to microbial protein. Herein, we summarize recent progress in urea modification technologies covering slow-release urea, extruded urea, and urea-based composite preparations and elucidate the complete metabolic mechanisms of urea assimilation in both rumen fermentation and in vitro cultivation, including transmembrane transport, urease-catalyzed hydrolysis, ammonia assimilation, and MP synthesis. Furthermore, we analyze the regulatory effects of dietary energy level, carbohydrate structure, protein concentration, forage quality, urea formulation type, and functional additives on nitrogen utilization efficiency. Current evidence indicates substantial knowledge gaps regarding urea transporter functionality, the coordinated regulation of UC and nitrogen assimilation pathways, microbial community interactions, and the stability control of industrial-scale production. The development of high-efficiency utilization technologies, feed safety evaluation systems, and precision feeding models for industrial applications remains incomplete. This article seeks to provide a thorough theoretical reference for the efficient utilization, mechanistic elucidation, and industrial promotion of urea-based nitrogen sources within MP production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: Abstract Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Fermentation (Basel) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.3390/fermentation12070331 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 16 StartPage: 331 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Nitrogen compounds Type: general – SubjectFull: Microbial metabolism Type: general – SubjectFull: Feed industry Type: general – SubjectFull: Industrial applications Type: general – SubjectFull: Bacterial proteins Type: general – SubjectFull: Fermentation Type: general – SubjectFull: Nitrogen excretion Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Efficient Conversion of Urea-Based Non-Protein Nitrogen to Microbial Protein: Mechanisms, Regulation and Industrial Prospects. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Wang, Bing – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Gao, Jingyan – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Zhang, Furan – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Luan, Jian IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 07 Text: Jul2026 Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 23115637 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 12 – Type: issue Value: 7 Titles: – TitleFull: Fermentation (Basel) Type: main |
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