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Field Monitoring Analysis and Welding Sequence Optimization of an Inclined-Column Dense-Beam Exterior Frame in a Super High-Rise Steel Structure.

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Title: Field Monitoring Analysis and Welding Sequence Optimization of an Inclined-Column Dense-Beam Exterior Frame in a Super High-Rise Steel Structure.
Authors: Wu, Mai, Zhao, Meng, Yu, Yilong, Jiang, Yulong, Wang, Jiatong, Du, Yansheng, Li, Peng, Zhao, Xin
Source: Buildings (2075-5309); Jul2026, Vol. 16 Issue 14, p2835, 39p
Subject Terms: Residual stresses, Steel framing, Finite element method, Columns, Tall buildings
Abstract: The exterior frame of super-high-rise steel structures with inclined columns and dense beams contains numerous welded joints and complex constraints, making field welding prone to residual stress and cumulative displacement. Taking the 19th erection segment of the Tianjin China Overseas City Plaza main tower as an example, this study monitored welding-induced stress and column-top displacement using vibrating-wire strain gauges and BeiDou GNSS, and established a finite element model based on the equivalent indirect action method to evaluate different welding sequences. The results show that stresses near welds evolve in stages during lower-flange, web, and upper-flange welding. Adjacent welding causes limited disturbance after the completed joint has stabilized, whereas lower-layer welding can induce secondary shrinkage in upper-layer welded regions. The simulated residual stresses and column-top offsets show reasonable agreement with the monitoring results in terms of overall magnitude and distribution trend, with mean values 2.50% and 6.22% lower than the measurements, respectively. Welding sequence significantly influences deformation. Horizontal grouped skip welding improves construction efficiency by about 30%, and vertical reverse welding further reduces the mean column-top offset by 53.31% and controls the maximum column-top offset within the project-specific limit. Therefore, under the studied structural configuration and construction conditions, the combined sequence of horizontal grouped skip welding and vertical reverse welding is recommended as a practical welding-sequence scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Buildings (2075-5309) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Field Monitoring Analysis and Welding Sequence Optimization of an Inclined-Column Dense-Beam Exterior Frame in a Super High-Rise Steel Structure.
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  Data: Buildings (2075-5309); Jul2026, Vol. 16 Issue 14, p2835, 39p
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Residual+stresses%22">Residual stresses</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Steel+framing%22">Steel framing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Finite+element+method%22">Finite element method</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Columns%22">Columns</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tall+buildings%22">Tall buildings</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The exterior frame of super-high-rise steel structures with inclined columns and dense beams contains numerous welded joints and complex constraints, making field welding prone to residual stress and cumulative displacement. Taking the 19th erection segment of the Tianjin China Overseas City Plaza main tower as an example, this study monitored welding-induced stress and column-top displacement using vibrating-wire strain gauges and BeiDou GNSS, and established a finite element model based on the equivalent indirect action method to evaluate different welding sequences. The results show that stresses near welds evolve in stages during lower-flange, web, and upper-flange welding. Adjacent welding causes limited disturbance after the completed joint has stabilized, whereas lower-layer welding can induce secondary shrinkage in upper-layer welded regions. The simulated residual stresses and column-top offsets show reasonable agreement with the monitoring results in terms of overall magnitude and distribution trend, with mean values 2.50% and 6.22% lower than the measurements, respectively. Welding sequence significantly influences deformation. Horizontal grouped skip welding improves construction efficiency by about 30%, and vertical reverse welding further reduces the mean column-top offset by 53.31% and controls the maximum column-top offset within the project-specific limit. Therefore, under the studied structural configuration and construction conditions, the combined sequence of horizontal grouped skip welding and vertical reverse welding is recommended as a practical welding-sequence scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: Abstract
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Buildings (2075-5309) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/buildings16142835
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 39
        StartPage: 2835
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Steel framing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Finite element method
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Columns
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Tall buildings
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      – TitleFull: Field Monitoring Analysis and Welding Sequence Optimization of an Inclined-Column Dense-Beam Exterior Frame in a Super High-Rise Steel Structure.
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            NameFull: Wu, Mai
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              M: 07
              Text: Jul2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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