Academic Journal
ForEdgeClim v1.0: a 3D process-based microclimate model incorporating vertical and lateral radiative and thermal fluxes to simulate forest edge-to-core transitions.
| Τίτλος: | ForEdgeClim v1.0: a 3D process-based microclimate model incorporating vertical and lateral radiative and thermal fluxes to simulate forest edge-to-core transitions. |
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| Συγγραφείς: | Van de Walle, Emma, Meunier, Félicien, De Hertog, Steven J., Terryn, Louise, Sanczuk, Pieter, Calders, Kim, wyffels, Francis, De Frenne, Pieter, Stock, Michiel, Verbeeck, Hans |
| Πηγή: | Geoscientific Model Development; 2026, Vol. 19 Issue 10, p4661-4702, 42p |
| Θεματικοί όροι: | Forest microclimatology, Edge effects (Ecology), Fragmented landscapes, Radiation, Heat flux, Radiative flow |
| Περίληψη: | Forest microclimates play a fundamental role in regulating biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and forest resilience to climate change. However, most existing microclimate models focus on vertical processes and neglect lateral energy exchanges, limiting their ability to represent forest edge effects. Due to ongoing forest fragmentation, such lateral fluxes play an essential role in forest microclimate and associated ecological processes, particularly given that up to 20 % of global forest cover lies within 100 m of a forest edge. Here, we introduce ForEdgeClim, a new process-based microclimate model implemented as a publicly available open-source R package that is able to simulate air and surface temperature at high spatial resolution along the forest edge-to-core continuum (here demonstrated at 1 m resolution). By explicitly leveraging high-resolution 3D forest structural data (e.g., derived from terrestrial laser scanning), the model represents a substantial advance over existing approaches that rely on simplified or spatially aggregated canopy descriptions. Building on this detailed structural representation, ForEdgeClim couples meteorological forcing with a physically based energy balance framework – including shortwave and longwave radiation, sensible and latent heat fluxes, and soil heat exchange – to simulate three-dimensional microclimate temperature patterns through a voxel-based radiative–thermal framework that explicitly represents vertical and lateral radiative and thermal exchanges, while representing wind-driven processes implicitly. Radiative transfer is represented using a two-stream approximation in both vertical and lateral directions, whereas the full energy balance is iteratively solved within a 3D voxel grid to account for coupled radiative and heat flux exchanges. A Sobol sensitivity analysis indicates that heat-transfer processes dominate local air temperature dynamics (≥67% of the total model output variance), whereas radiative transport plays a stronger role in controlling surface temperature and spatial temperature heterogeneity. These insights informed a targeted calibration of key model parameters. Model performance was evaluated using high-frequency in situ temperature measurements, with forest structural information derived from terrestrial laser scanning data, collected along a forest edge-to-core transect in a temperate forest in Belgium. Validation shows that ForEdgeClim successfully reproduces observed edge-to-core temperature gradients and fine-scale spatial variability in air temperature (R2≥0.87 , RMSE≤2.01°C). By combining high-resolution structural information with a physically grounded yet computationally efficient framework, ForEdgeClim bridges the gap between simplified empirical microclimate models and computationally intensive ray-tracing approaches, which typically lack a full energy balance formulation. The model thus provides a versatile platform for microclimate research, ranging from biodiversity and habitat modelling to studies of forest-climate interactions under a changing environment, especially where edge effects play a key role in fragmented landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Geoscientific Model Development is the property of Copernicus Gesellschaft mbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | Complementary Index |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: ForEdgeClim v1.0: a 3D process-based microclimate model incorporating vertical and lateral radiative and thermal fluxes to simulate forest edge-to-core transitions. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Van de Walle%2C+Emma%22">Van de Walle, Emma</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Meunier%2C+Félicien%22">Meunier, Félicien</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22De Hertog%2C+Steven J%2E%22">De Hertog, Steven J.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Terryn%2C+Louise%22">Terryn, Louise</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sanczuk%2C+Pieter%22">Sanczuk, Pieter</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Calders%2C+Kim%22">Calders, Kim</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22wyffels%2C+Francis%22">wyffels, Francis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22De Frenne%2C+Pieter%22">De Frenne, Pieter</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stock%2C+Michiel%22">Stock, Michiel</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Verbeeck%2C+Hans%22">Verbeeck, Hans</searchLink> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: Geoscientific Model Development; 2026, Vol. 19 Issue 10, p4661-4702, 42p – Name: Subject Label: Subject Terms Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Forest+microclimatology%22">Forest microclimatology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Edge+effects+%28Ecology%29%22">Edge effects (Ecology)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fragmented+landscapes%22">Fragmented landscapes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Radiation%22">Radiation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heat+flux%22">Heat flux</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Radiative+flow%22">Radiative flow</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Forest microclimates play a fundamental role in regulating biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and forest resilience to climate change. However, most existing microclimate models focus on vertical processes and neglect lateral energy exchanges, limiting their ability to represent forest edge effects. Due to ongoing forest fragmentation, such lateral fluxes play an essential role in forest microclimate and associated ecological processes, particularly given that up to 20 % of global forest cover lies within 100 m of a forest edge. Here, we introduce ForEdgeClim, a new process-based microclimate model implemented as a publicly available open-source R package that is able to simulate air and surface temperature at high spatial resolution along the forest edge-to-core continuum (here demonstrated at 1 m resolution). By explicitly leveraging high-resolution 3D forest structural data (e.g., derived from terrestrial laser scanning), the model represents a substantial advance over existing approaches that rely on simplified or spatially aggregated canopy descriptions. Building on this detailed structural representation, ForEdgeClim couples meteorological forcing with a physically based energy balance framework – including shortwave and longwave radiation, sensible and latent heat fluxes, and soil heat exchange – to simulate three-dimensional microclimate temperature patterns through a voxel-based radiative–thermal framework that explicitly represents vertical and lateral radiative and thermal exchanges, while representing wind-driven processes implicitly. Radiative transfer is represented using a two-stream approximation in both vertical and lateral directions, whereas the full energy balance is iteratively solved within a 3D voxel grid to account for coupled radiative and heat flux exchanges. A Sobol sensitivity analysis indicates that heat-transfer processes dominate local air temperature dynamics (≥67% of the total model output variance), whereas radiative transport plays a stronger role in controlling surface temperature and spatial temperature heterogeneity. These insights informed a targeted calibration of key model parameters. Model performance was evaluated using high-frequency in situ temperature measurements, with forest structural information derived from terrestrial laser scanning data, collected along a forest edge-to-core transect in a temperate forest in Belgium. Validation shows that ForEdgeClim successfully reproduces observed edge-to-core temperature gradients and fine-scale spatial variability in air temperature (R2≥0.87 , RMSE≤2.01°C). By combining high-resolution structural information with a physically grounded yet computationally efficient framework, ForEdgeClim bridges the gap between simplified empirical microclimate models and computationally intensive ray-tracing approaches, which typically lack a full energy balance formulation. The model thus provides a versatile platform for microclimate research, ranging from biodiversity and habitat modelling to studies of forest-climate interactions under a changing environment, especially where edge effects play a key role in fragmented landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: Abstract Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Geoscientific Model Development is the property of Copernicus Gesellschaft mbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.5194/gmd-19-4661-2026 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 42 StartPage: 4661 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Forest microclimatology Type: general – SubjectFull: Edge effects (Ecology) Type: general – SubjectFull: Fragmented landscapes Type: general – SubjectFull: Radiation Type: general – SubjectFull: Heat flux Type: general – SubjectFull: Radiative flow Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: ForEdgeClim v1.0: a 3D process-based microclimate model incorporating vertical and lateral radiative and thermal fluxes to simulate forest edge-to-core transitions. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Van de Walle, Emma – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Meunier, Félicien – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: De Hertog, Steven J. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Terryn, Louise – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Sanczuk, Pieter – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Calders, Kim – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: wyffels, Francis – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: De Frenne, Pieter – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Stock, Michiel – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Verbeeck, Hans IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 15 M: 05 Text: 2026 Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 1991959X Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 19 – Type: issue Value: 10 Titles: – TitleFull: Geoscientific Model Development Type: main |
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