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Analysis of Discretization Errors in the Signal Model of the Integrate-And-Dump Filter in Satellite Navigation Receivers.

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Title: Analysis of Discretization Errors in the Signal Model of the Integrate-And-Dump Filter in Satellite Navigation Receivers.
Authors: Tie, Junbo, Xun, Changqing, Guo, Yan, Luo, Li, Lu, Menglong, Wang, Yongwen, Zhou, Li
Source: Mathematics (2227-7390); Jan2026, Vol. 14 Issue 1, p188, 26p
Subject Terms: Discrete-time systems, Artificial satellites in navigation, Time integration scheme, Electric filters, Computer simulation, Discretization methods, Drone aircraft, Digital electronics
Abstract: The integrate-and-dump filter is a core component of satellite navigation receivers, enabling the tracking of navigation satellite signals and significantly influencing receiver performance. Currently, satellite navigation receivers, particularly onboard unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), are vulnerable to spoofing. Whether counterfeit signals can successfully hijack a receiver depends critically on how these signals alter the integrate-and-dump filter output. Existing research on satellite navigation spoofing often uses an output signal model for the integrate-and-dump filter derived from continuous-time integration. However, this model deviates from practical implementation because most modern navigation receivers are built on digital circuits that approximate continuous-time integration through discrete-time accumulation. Consequently, the discrete-time nature of actual hardware introduces errors that are not captured by the conventional continuous-time model. In this study, a mathematical model for the output signal of an integrate-and-dump filter was implemented via discrete-time accumulation. The accuracy of the proposed model was verified through simulations, and a comparative analysis with the traditional continuous-time integration model was conducted to highlight the impact of discretization errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Mathematics (2227-7390) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Analysis of Discretization Errors in the Signal Model of the Integrate-And-Dump Filter in Satellite Navigation Receivers.
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  Data: Mathematics (2227-7390); Jan2026, Vol. 14 Issue 1, p188, 26p
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Discrete-time+systems%22">Discrete-time systems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Artificial+satellites+in+navigation%22">Artificial satellites in navigation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Time+integration+scheme%22">Time integration scheme</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electric+filters%22">Electric filters</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+simulation%22">Computer simulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Discretization+methods%22">Discretization methods</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Drone+aircraft%22">Drone aircraft</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Digital+electronics%22">Digital electronics</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: The integrate-and-dump filter is a core component of satellite navigation receivers, enabling the tracking of navigation satellite signals and significantly influencing receiver performance. Currently, satellite navigation receivers, particularly onboard unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), are vulnerable to spoofing. Whether counterfeit signals can successfully hijack a receiver depends critically on how these signals alter the integrate-and-dump filter output. Existing research on satellite navigation spoofing often uses an output signal model for the integrate-and-dump filter derived from continuous-time integration. However, this model deviates from practical implementation because most modern navigation receivers are built on digital circuits that approximate continuous-time integration through discrete-time accumulation. Consequently, the discrete-time nature of actual hardware introduces errors that are not captured by the conventional continuous-time model. In this study, a mathematical model for the output signal of an integrate-and-dump filter was implemented via discrete-time accumulation. The accuracy of the proposed model was verified through simulations, and a comparative analysis with the traditional continuous-time integration model was conducted to highlight the impact of discretization errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: Abstract
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Mathematics (2227-7390) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/math14010188
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 26
        StartPage: 188
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      – SubjectFull: Discrete-time systems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Artificial satellites in navigation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Time integration scheme
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electric filters
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Computer simulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Discretization methods
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Drone aircraft
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Digital electronics
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Analysis of Discretization Errors in the Signal Model of the Integrate-And-Dump Filter in Satellite Navigation Receivers.
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            NameFull: Tie, Junbo
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            – D: 01
              M: 01
              Text: Jan2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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