Academic Journal

Profit-Oriented Multi-Objective Dynamic Flexible Job Shop Scheduling with Multi-Agent Framework Under Uncertain Production Orders.

Bibliographic Details
Title: Profit-Oriented Multi-Objective Dynamic Flexible Job Shop Scheduling with Multi-Agent Framework Under Uncertain Production Orders.
Authors: Ma, Qingyao, Lu, Yao, Chen, Huawei
Source: Machines; Oct2025, Vol. 13 Issue 10, p932, 31p
Subject Terms: Profit maximization, Scheduling, Production management (Manufacturing), Multiagent systems, Multi-objective optimization, Mathematical optimization, Reinforcement learning, Production scheduling
Abstract: In the highly competitive manufacturing environment, customers are increasingly demanding punctual, flexible, and customized deliveries, compelling enterprises to balance profit, energy efficiency, and production performance while seeking new scheduling methods to enhance dynamic responsiveness. Although deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has made progress in dynamic flexible job shop scheduling, existing research has rarely addressed profit-oriented optimization. To tackle this challenge, this paper proposes a novel multi-objective dynamic flexible job shop scheduling (MODFJSP) model that aims to maximize net profit and minimize makespan on the basis of traditional FJSP. The model incorporates uncertainties such as new job insertions, fluctuating due dates, and high-profit urgent jobs, and establishes a multi-agent collaborative framework consisting of "job selection–machine assignment." For the two types of agents, this paper proposes adaptive state representations, reward functions, and variable action spaces to achieve the dual optimization objectives. The experimental results show that the double deep Q-network (DDQN), within the multi-agent cooperative framework, outperforms PPO, DQN, and classical scheduling rules in terms of solution quality and robustness. It achieves superior performance on multiple metrics such as IGD, HV, and SC, and generates bi-objective Pareto frontiers that are closer to the ideal point. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and practical value of the proposed collaborative framework for solving MODFJSP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Machines is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Profit-Oriented Multi-Objective Dynamic Flexible Job Shop Scheduling with Multi-Agent Framework Under Uncertain Production Orders.
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  Data: Machines; Oct2025, Vol. 13 Issue 10, p932, 31p
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Profit+maximization%22">Profit maximization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Scheduling%22">Scheduling</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Production+management+%28Manufacturing%29%22">Production management (Manufacturing)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Multiagent+systems%22">Multiagent systems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Multi-objective+optimization%22">Multi-objective optimization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mathematical+optimization%22">Mathematical optimization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Reinforcement+learning%22">Reinforcement learning</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Production+scheduling%22">Production scheduling</searchLink>
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  Data: In the highly competitive manufacturing environment, customers are increasingly demanding punctual, flexible, and customized deliveries, compelling enterprises to balance profit, energy efficiency, and production performance while seeking new scheduling methods to enhance dynamic responsiveness. Although deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has made progress in dynamic flexible job shop scheduling, existing research has rarely addressed profit-oriented optimization. To tackle this challenge, this paper proposes a novel multi-objective dynamic flexible job shop scheduling (MODFJSP) model that aims to maximize net profit and minimize makespan on the basis of traditional FJSP. The model incorporates uncertainties such as new job insertions, fluctuating due dates, and high-profit urgent jobs, and establishes a multi-agent collaborative framework consisting of "job selection–machine assignment." For the two types of agents, this paper proposes adaptive state representations, reward functions, and variable action spaces to achieve the dual optimization objectives. The experimental results show that the double deep Q-network (DDQN), within the multi-agent cooperative framework, outperforms PPO, DQN, and classical scheduling rules in terms of solution quality and robustness. It achieves superior performance on multiple metrics such as IGD, HV, and SC, and generates bi-objective Pareto frontiers that are closer to the ideal point. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and practical value of the proposed collaborative framework for solving MODFJSP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Machines is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/machines13100932
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 31
        StartPage: 932
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Profit maximization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Scheduling
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Production management (Manufacturing)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Multiagent systems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Multi-objective optimization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mathematical optimization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Reinforcement learning
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Production scheduling
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Profit-Oriented Multi-Objective Dynamic Flexible Job Shop Scheduling with Multi-Agent Framework Under Uncertain Production Orders.
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          Name:
            NameFull: Ma, Qingyao
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          Name:
            NameFull: Lu, Yao
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            NameFull: Chen, Huawei
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            – D: 01
              M: 10
              Text: Oct2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 13
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              Value: 10
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            – TitleFull: Machines
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