Academic Journal
Is there a cost when predictions are not met? A VWP study investigating L1 and L2 speakers.
| Τίτλος: | Is there a cost when predictions are not met? A VWP study investigating L1 and L2 speakers. |
|---|---|
| Συγγραφείς: | Fernandez, Leigh B, Hadley, Lauren V, Koç, Aybora, Gamboa, John CB, Allen, Shanley EM |
| Πηγή: | Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology; Jul2025, Vol. 78 Issue 7, p1237-1259, 23p |
| Θεματικοί όροι: | Individual differences, Speech, Bilingualism, Forecasting, Cost, Lexical access |
| Περίληψη: | Research has found that both first language (L1) and second language (L2) speakers make predictions about upcoming linguistic information, with predictive behaviour being impacted by individual differences and methodological factors. However, it is not clear whether a cost is incurred when a prediction is made, but not met. L2 speakers have less experience with their L2 and parsing can be cognitively demanding, which together may lead L2 speakers to incur prediction costs differently relative to L1 speakers. In this study using the visual world paradigm, we test whether L1 and L2 speakers predict in the same way, within the same time frame, and incur the same costs if predictions are not met. We also explore the role of proficiency and speech rate. We found that both groups predict in a similar way and within a similar time frame. In addition, neither group incurred a prediction cost when the target was the most likely alternative, though L2 speakers take longer to shift their attention to the target object when predictions are not met. We argue that this reflects a slowing of lexical access rather than a specific cost of prediction. We only found prediction differences when speech rate was included in the analysis, highlighting the importance of attending to speech rate in studies using the visual world paradigm. Overall, this study supports research showing that both L1 and L2 speakers may make multiple partial predictions about upcoming information rather than predicting one specific lexical candidate while inhibiting less likely lexical candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | Complementary Index |
| FullText | Text: Availability: 0 |
|---|---|
| Header | DbId: edb DbLabel: Complementary Index An: 186081237 RelevancyScore: 994 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 993.554321289063 |
| IllustrationInfo | |
| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Is there a cost when predictions are not met? A VWP study investigating L1 and L2 speakers. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fernandez%2C+Leigh+B%22">Fernandez, Leigh B</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hadley%2C+Lauren+V%22">Hadley, Lauren V</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Koç%2C+Aybora%22">Koç, Aybora</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gamboa%2C+John+CB%22">Gamboa, John CB</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Allen%2C+Shanley+EM%22">Allen, Shanley EM</searchLink> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology; Jul2025, Vol. 78 Issue 7, p1237-1259, 23p – Name: Subject Label: Subject Terms Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Individual+differences%22">Individual differences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Speech%22">Speech</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bilingualism%22">Bilingualism</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Forecasting%22">Forecasting</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cost%22">Cost</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lexical+access%22">Lexical access</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Research has found that both first language (L1) and second language (L2) speakers make predictions about upcoming linguistic information, with predictive behaviour being impacted by individual differences and methodological factors. However, it is not clear whether a cost is incurred when a prediction is made, but not met. L2 speakers have less experience with their L2 and parsing can be cognitively demanding, which together may lead L2 speakers to incur prediction costs differently relative to L1 speakers. In this study using the visual world paradigm, we test whether L1 and L2 speakers predict in the same way, within the same time frame, and incur the same costs if predictions are not met. We also explore the role of proficiency and speech rate. We found that both groups predict in a similar way and within a similar time frame. In addition, neither group incurred a prediction cost when the target was the most likely alternative, though L2 speakers take longer to shift their attention to the target object when predictions are not met. We argue that this reflects a slowing of lexical access rather than a specific cost of prediction. We only found prediction differences when speech rate was included in the analysis, highlighting the importance of attending to speech rate in studies using the visual world paradigm. Overall, this study supports research showing that both L1 and L2 speakers may make multiple partial predictions about upcoming information rather than predicting one specific lexical candidate while inhibiting less likely lexical candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: Abstract Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
| PLink | https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edb&AN=186081237 |
| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1177/17470218241270200 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 23 StartPage: 1237 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Individual differences Type: general – SubjectFull: Speech Type: general – SubjectFull: Bilingualism Type: general – SubjectFull: Forecasting Type: general – SubjectFull: Cost Type: general – SubjectFull: Lexical access Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Is there a cost when predictions are not met? A VWP study investigating L1 and L2 speakers. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Fernandez, Leigh B – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Hadley, Lauren V – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Koç, Aybora – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Gamboa, John CB – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Allen, Shanley EM IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 07 Text: Jul2025 Type: published Y: 2025 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 17470218 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 78 – Type: issue Value: 7 Titles: – TitleFull: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |