Academic Journal
Vegetation Phenology Shifts Under Climate Change: Cross-Season Mechanisms and Consequences for Ecosystem Productivity.
| Τίτλος: | Vegetation Phenology Shifts Under Climate Change: Cross-Season Mechanisms and Consequences for Ecosystem Productivity. |
|---|---|
| Συγγραφείς: | Liu Z; Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China., Wu Z; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.; Ecosystem Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland., Zohner CM; Institute for Future Initiatives, University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Tokyo, Japan.; BRANCH Institute, Zug, Switzerland., Zhang Y; Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China., Peñuelas J; Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, CSIC, Bellaterra, Spain.; CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain., Fu YH; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.; Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium. |
| Πηγή: | Global change biology [Glob Chang Biol] 2026 Oct; Vol. 32 (10), pp. e71112. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article; Review |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: Blackwell Pub Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9888746 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1365-2486 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 13541013 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Glob Chang Biol Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: Original Publication: Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, 1995- |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Climate Change* , Seasons* , Ecosystem* , Plant Development*, Carbon Cycle |
| Περίληψη: | Vegetation phenology-the timing of recurring life-cycle events-has shifted markedly under climate change, with far-reaching consequences for terrestrial ecosystems and the climate system. Yet phenological research has largely focused on discrete events, often overlooking the continuous and seasonally connected nature of vegetation development. Here, we synthesize recent evidence into a cross-season framework in which spring (start of the growing season), peak (timing of maximum greenness/photosynthetic capacity), and autumn (end of the growing season) phenology are treated as dynamically linked phases. Within this framework, spring phenology is governed by chilling-forcing dynamics, which are modulated by contemporary environmental cues, previous-year autumn phenology, and resource status. Peak phenology is primarily driven by early-season development and carbon uptake, both of which are influenced by spring phenology and temperature. Autumn phenology integrates late-season environmental conditions with legacies of earlier development, mediated by carbon source-sink balance and water and nutrient availability. Across these phases, the evidence points to reciprocal coupling between phenology, carbon uptake, and developmental processes: phenological shifts reshape the seasonal trajectory of productivity and growth, and the resulting carbon dynamics feedback to regulate subsequent developmental transitions. This seasonally integrated perspective provides a mechanistic basis for predicting how non-linear, season-specific climate change will reorganize the terrestrial carbon cycle, and calls for phenology models that explicitly represent cross-season linkages. (© 2026 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.) |
| References: | Alexander, J. M., and J. M. Levine. 2019. “Earlier Phenology of a Nonnative Plant Increases Impacts on Native Competitors.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116, no. 13: 6199–6204. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820569116. Bassett, K. R., S. F. Hupperts, S. Jämtgård, et al. 2026. “Rising Atmospheric CO2 Reduces Nitrogen Availability in Boreal Forests.” Nature 650, no. 8102: 629–635. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586‐025‐10039‐5. Bauerle, W. L., R. Oren, D. A. Way, et al. 2012. “Photoperiodic Regulation of the Seasonal Pattern of Photosynthetic Capacity and the Implications for Carbon Cycling.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, no. 22: 8612–8617. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1119131109. Beil, I., J. Kreyling, C. Meyer, N. Lemcke, and A. V. Malyshev. 2021. “Late to Bed, Late to Rise‐Warmer Autumn Temperatures Delay Spring Phenology by Delaying Dormancy.” Global Change Biology 27, no. 22: 5806–5817. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15858. Blumstein, M., M. Oseguera, T. Caso‐McHugh, and D. L. Des Marais. 2024. “Nonstructural Carbohydrate Dynamics' Relationship to Leaf Development Under Varying Environments.” New Phytologist 241, no. 1: 102–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19333. Buermann, W., M. Forkel, M. O'Sullivan, et al. 2018. “Widespread Seasonal Compensation Effects of Spring Warming on Northern Plant Productivity.” Nature 562, no. 7725: 110–114. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586‐018‐0555‐7. Chen, L., and J. Peñuelas. 2025. “Ecosystem Phenology: Integrating Traits and Processes Beyond Observable Events.” Global Change Biology 31, no. 9: e70480. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70480. Chen, X. G., Y. F. Huang, S. Zhang, et al. 2025. “Projected Strengthening of Water Constraint on Seasonal Peak Photosynthesis Under Climatic Warming in Northern Ecosystems.” Geophysical Research Letters 52, no. 15: e2024GL114461. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL114461. Chuine, I., and E. G. Beaubien. 2001. “Phenology Is a Major Determinant of Tree Species Range.” Ecology Letters 4, no. 5: 500–510. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461‐0248.2001.00261.x. Cleland, E. E., I. Chuine, A. Menzel, H. A. Mooney, and M. D. Schwartz. 2007. “Shifting Plant Phenology in Response to Global Change.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 22, no. 7: 357–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.04.003. Cleland, E. E., and E. M. Wolkovich. 2024. “Effects of Phenology on Plant Community Assembly and Structure.” Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 55: 471–492. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev‐ecolsys‐102722‐011653. Elmore, A. J., D. M. Nelson, and J. M. Craine. 2016. “Earlier Springs Are Causing Reduced Nitrogen Availability in North American Eastern Deciduous Forests.” Nature Plants 2, no. 10: 16133. https://doi.org/10.1038/Nplants.2016.133. Estiarte, M., and J. Peñuelas. 2015. “Alteration of the Phenology of Leaf Senescence and Fall in Winter Deciduous Species by Climate Change: Effects on Nutrient Proficiency.” Global Change Biology 21, no. 3: 1005–1017. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12804. Flynn, D. F. B., and E. M. Wolkovich. 2018. “Temperature and Photoperiod Drive Spring Phenology Across All Species in a Temperate Forest Community.” New Phytologist 219, no. 4: 1353–1362. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15232. Fracheboud, Y., V. Luquez, L. Bjorken, et al. 2009. “The Control of Autumn Senescence in European Aspen.” Plant Physiology 149, no. 4: 1982–1991. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.108.133249. Fu, Y. H., M. Campioli, Y. Vitasse, et al. 2014. “Variation in Leaf Flushing Date Influences Autumnal Senescence and Next Year's Flushing Date in Two Temperate Tree Species.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 20: 7355–7360. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321727111. Fu, Y. H., Y. Liu, H. J. De Boeck, et al. 2016. “Three Times Greater Weight of Daytime Than of Night‐Time Temperature on Leaf Unfolding Phenology in Temperate Trees.” New Phytologist 212, no. 3: 590–597. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14073. Fu, Y. H., S. Piao, N. Delpierre, et al. 2019. “Nutrient Availability Alters the Correlation Between Spring Leaf‐Out and Autumn Leaf Senescence Dates.” Tree Physiology 39, no. 8: 1277–1284. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz041. Fu, Y. H., X. Zhang, S. Piao, et al. 2019. “Daylength Helps Temperate Deciduous Trees to Leaf‐Out at the Optimal Time.” Global Change Biology 25, no. 7: 2410–2418. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14633. Fu, Y. H., H. Zhao, S. Piao, et al. 2015. “Declining Global Warming Effects on the Phenology of Spring Leaf Unfolding.” Nature 526, no. 7571: 104–107. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15402. Fu, Z., P. C. Stoy, B. Poulter, et al. 2019. “Maximum Carbon Uptake Rate Dominates the Interannual Variability of Global Net Ecosystem Exchange.” Global Change Biology 25, no. 10: 3381–3394. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14731. Gallinat, A. S., R. B. Primack, and D. L. Wagner. 2015. “Autumn, the Neglected Season in Climate Change Research.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 30, no. 3: 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.01.004. Ganjurjav, H., E. Gornish, G. Z. Hu, et al. 2021. “Phenological Changes Offset the Warming Effects on Biomass Production in an Alpine Meadow on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau.” Journal of Ecology 109, no. 2: 1014–1025. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365‐2745.13531. Gonsamo, A., J. M. Chen, and Y. W. Ooi. 2018. “Peak Season Plant Activity Shift Towards Spring Is Reflected by Increasing Carbon Uptake by Extratropical Ecosystems.” Global Change Biology 24, no. 5: 2117–2128. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14001. Gu, H. S., Y. X. Qiao, Z. X. Xi, et al. 2022. “Warming‐Induced Increase in Carbon Uptake Is Linked to Earlier Spring Phenology in Temperate and Boreal Forests.” Nature Communications 13, no. 1: 3698. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467‐022‐31496‐w. Gu, Y. T., L. Meng, Y. T. Wang, et al. 2025. “Uncovering the Role of Solar Radiation and Water Stress Factors in Constraining Decadal Intra‐Site Spring Phenology Variability in Diverse Ecosystems Across the Northern Hemisphere.” New Phytologist 246, no. 5: 1986–2003. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70104. Guo, J., J. M. Wang, Y. X. Qiao, et al. 2024. “Greening‐Induced Biophysical Impacts Lead to Earlier Spring and Autumn Phenology in Temperate and Boreal Forests.” Earth's Future 12, no. 11: e2024EF004618. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF004618. Hanninen, H., and K. Tanino. 2011. “Tree Seasonality in a Warming Climate.” Trends in Plant Science 16, no. 8: 412–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2011.05.001. Hong, S. B., Y. C. Zhang, Y. T. Yao, et al. 2022. “Contrasting Temperature Effects on the Velocity of Early‐ Versus Late‐Stage Vegetation Green‐Up in the Northern Hemisphere.” Global Change Biology 28, no. 23: 6961–6972. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16414. Huang, Z., L. Zhou, and Y. G. Chi. 2023. “Spring Phenology Rather Than Climate Dominates the Trends in Peak of Growing Season in the Northern Hemisphere.” Global Change Biology 29, no. 16: 4543–4555. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16758. Jiang, N., M. Shen, P. Ciais, et al. 2022. “Warming Does Not Delay the Start of Autumnal Leaf Coloration but Slows Its Progress Rate.” Global Ecology and Biogeography 31, no. 11: 2297–2313. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13581. Jiang, N., M. G. Shen, J. Chen, et al. 2023. “Continuous Advance in the Onset of Vegetation Green‐Up in the Northern Hemisphere, During Hiatuses in Spring Warming.” npj Climate and Atmospheric Science 6, no. 1: 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612‐023‐00343‐0. Keenan, T. F., J. Gray, M. A. Friedl, et al. 2014. “Net Carbon Uptake Has Increased Through Warming‐Induced Changes in Temperate Forest Phenology.” Nature Climate Change 4, no. 7: 598–604. https://doi.org/10.1038/Nclimate2253. Keenan, T. F., and A. D. Richardson. 2015. “The Timing of Autumn Senescence Is Affected by the Timing of Spring Phenology: Implications for Predictive Models.” Global Change Biology 21, no. 7: 2634–2641. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12890. Kharouba, H. M., J. Ehrlen, A. Gelman, et al. 2018. “Global Shifts in the Phenological Synchrony of Species Interactions Over Recent Decades.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115, no. 20: 5211–5216. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714511115. Lai, G. K., J. L. Li, J. Wang, et al. 2024. “Earlier Peak Photosynthesis Timing Potentially Escalates Global Wildfires.” National Science Review 11, no. 9: nwae292. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwae292. Laube, J., T. Sparks, N. Estrella, et al. 2014. “Chilling Outweighs Photoperiod in Preventing Precocious Spring Development.” Global Change Biology 20: 170–182. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12360. Li, X., Y. H. Fu, S. Chen, et al. 2021. “Increasing Importance of Precipitation in Spring Phenology With Decreasing Latitudes in Subtropical Forest Area in China.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 304: 108427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108427. Li, Y., W. Zhang, C. R. Schwalm, et al. 2023. “Widespread Spring Phenology Effects on Drought Recovery of Northern Hemisphere Ecosystems.” Nature Climate Change 13, no. 2: 182–188. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558‐022‐01584‐2. Lian, X., J. Peñuelas, Y. Ryu, et al. 2024. “Diminishing Carryover Benefits of Earlier Spring Vegetation Growth.” Nature Ecology & Evolution 8, no. 2: 218–228. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559‐023‐02272‐w. Lian, X., S. Piao, A. Chen, et al. 2021. “Seasonal Biological Carryover Dominates Northern Vegetation Growth.” Nature Communications 12, no. 1: 983. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467‐021‐21223‐2. Lian, X., S. Piao, L. Z. X. Li, et al. 2020. “Summer Soil Drying Exacerbated by Earlier Spring Greening of Northern Vegetation.” Science Advances 6, no. 1: eaax0255. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax0255. Lieth, H. 1974. Phenology and Seasonality Modeling. Springer‐Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Lim, P. O., H. J. Kim, and H. G. Nam. 2007. “Leaf Senescence.” Annual Review of Plant Biology 58: 115–136. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105316. Liu, Q., N. Delpierre, and M. Campioli. 2024. “Photoperiod Alone Does Not Explain the Variations of Leaf Senescence Onset Across Europe.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 355: 110134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2024.110134. Liu, Q., Y. H. Fu, Z. Zhu, et al. 2016. “Delayed Autumn Phenology in the Northern Hemisphere Is Related to Change in Both Climate and Spring Phenology.” Global Change Biology 22, no. 11: 3702–3711. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13311. Liu, Q., Y. S. H. Fu, Z. Zeng, et al. 2016. “Temperature, Precipitation, and Insolation Effects on Autumn Vegetation Phenology in Temperate China.” Global Change Biology 22, no. 2: 644–655. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13081. Liu, Q., S. Piao, I. A. Janssens, et al. 2018. “Extension of the Growing Season Increases Vegetation Exposure to Frost.” Nature Communications 9: 426. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467‐017‐02690‐y. Liu, Y., Y. Zhang, J. Peñuelas, et al. 2025. “Drought Legacies Delay Spring Green‐Up in Northern Ecosystems.” Nature Climate Change 15, no. 4: 444–451. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558‐025‐02273‐6. Liu, Z. C., P. Ciais, J. Peñuelas, et al. 2025. “Enhanced Vegetation Productivity Driven Primarily by Rate Not Duration of Carbon Uptake.” Nature Climate Change 15: 560–568. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558‐025‐02311‐3. Liu, Z. C., Y. H. Fu, D. L. Chen, et al. 2025. “Increased Early‐Season Productivity Drives Earlier Peak of Vegetation Photosynthesis Across the Northern Hemisphere.” Communications Earth & Environment 6, no. 1: 157. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247‐025‐02104‐8. Liu, Z. C., Y. H. Fu, X. R. Shi, et al. 2022. “Soil Moisture Determines the Effects of Climate Warming on Spring Phenology in Grasslands.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 323: 109039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.109039. Liu, Z. C., C. M. Zohner, Z. F. Wu, et al. 2025. “Diminished Contribution of Spring Phenology to Early‐Season Carbon Uptake in a Changing Climate.” Communications Earth & Environment 6, no. 1: 206. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247‐025‐02201‐8. Marchand, L. J., I. Dox, J. Gricar, et al. 2020. “Inter‐Individual Variability in Spring Phenology of Temperate Deciduous Trees Depends on Species, Tree Size and Previous Year Autumn Phenology.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 290: 108031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108031. Meng, F., A. J. Felton, J. Mao, et al. 2024. “Consistent Time Allocation Fraction to Vegetation Green‐Up Versus Senescence Across Northern Ecosystems Despite Recent Climate Change.” Science Advances 10, no. 23: eadn2487. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adn2487. Murray, M. B., M. G. R. Cannell, and R. I. Smith. 1989. “Date of Budburst of Fifteen Tree Species in Britain Following Climatic Warming.” Journal of Applied Ecology 26, no. 2: 693–700. Park, T., C. Chen, M. Macias‐Fauria, et al. 2019. “Changes in Timing of Seasonal Peak Photosynthetic Activity in Northern Ecosystems.” Global Change Biology 25, no. 7: 2382–2395. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14638. Paul, M. J., and C. H. Foyer. 2001. “Sink Regulation of Photosynthesis.” Journal of Experimental Botany 52, no. 360: 1383–1400. https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/52.360.1383. Paul, M. J., and T. K. Pellny. 2003. “Carbon Metabolite Feedback Regulation of Leaf Photosynthesis and Development.” Journal of Experimental Botany 54, no. 382: 539–547. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erg052. Peñuelas, J., T. Rutishauser, and I. Filella. 2009. “Phenology Feedbacks on Climate Change.” Science 324, no. 5929: 887–888. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1173004. Piao, S. L., Q. Liu, A. Chen, et al. 2019. “Plant Phenology and Global Climate Change: Current Progresses and Challenges.” Global Change Biology 25, no. 6: 1922–1940. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14619. Piao, S. L., J. W. Wang, X. Y. Li, H. Xu, and Y. C. Zhang. 2022. “Spatio‐Temporal Changes in the Speed of Canopy Development and Senescence in Temperate China.” Global Change Biology 28, no. 24: 7366–7375. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16408. Rebindaine, D., T. W. Crowther, S. S. Renner, et al. 2026. “Developmental Constraints Mediate the Reversal of Temperature Effects on the Autumn Phenology of European Beech After the Summer Solstice.” eLife 14: RP107554. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.107554. Richardson, A. D., T. F. Keenan, M. Migliavacca, et al. 2013. “Climate Change, Phenology, and Phenological Control of Vegetation Feedbacks to the Climate System.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 169: 156–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.09.012. Roxas, A. A., J. Orozco, P. Guzmán‐Delgado, and M. A. Zwieniecki. 2021. “Spring Phenology Is Affected by Fall Non‐Structural Carbohydrate Concentration and Winter Sugar Redistribution in Three Mediterranean Nut Tree Species.” Tree Physiology 41, no. 8: 1425–1438. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpab014. Shen, X., B. Liu, M. Henderson, et al. 2018. “Asymmetric Effects of Daytime and Nighttime Warming on Spring Phenology in the Temperate Grasslands of China.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 259: 240–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.05.006. Vitasse, Y., F. Baumgarten, C. M. Zohner, et al. 2021. “Impact of Microclimatic Conditions and Resource Availability on Spring and Autumn Phenology of Temperate Tree Seedlings.” New Phytologist 232, no. 2: 537–550. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17606. Wang, H. J., J. H. Dai, J. Peñuelas, et al. 2022. “Winter Warming Offsets One Half of the Spring Warming Effects on Leaf Unfolding.” Global Change Biology 28, no. 20: 6033–6049. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16358. Wang, H. J., C. X. Gao, Q. S. Ge, and A. Makela. 2022. “Low Temperature and Short Daylength Interact to Affect the Leaf Senescence of Two Temperate Tree Species.” Tree Physiology 42, no. 11: 2252–2265. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpac068. Wang, J. M., Z. X. Xi, X. J. He, et al. 2021. “Contrasting Temporal Variations in Responses of Leaf Unfolding to Daytime and Nighttime Warming.” Global Change Biology 27, no. 20: 5084–5093. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15777. Wu, C. Y., J. Peng, P. Ciais, et al. 2022. “Increased Drought Effects on the Phenology of Autumn Leaf Senescence.” Nature Climate Change 12, no. 10: 943–949. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558‐022‐01464‐9. Wu, Z. F., S. Z. Chen, H. J. De Boeck, et al. 2021. “Atmospheric Brightening Counteracts Warming‐Induced Delays in Autumn Phenology of Temperate Trees in Europe.” Global Ecology and Biogeography 30, no. 12: 2477–2487. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13404. Wu, Z. F., Y. H. Fu, T. W. Crowther, et al. 2026. “Carry‐Over Effects Between Spring and Autumn Phenology Differ Among the World's Biomes.” National Science Review 13, no. 5: nwag082. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwag082. Xia, J., S. Niu, P. Ciais, et al. 2015. “Joint Control of Terrestrial Gross Primary Productivity by Plant Phenology and Physiology.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, no. 9: 2788–2793. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1413090112. Xu, C., H. Liu, A. P. Williams, Y. Yin, and X. Wu. 2016. “Trends Toward an Earlier Peak of the Growing Season in Northern Hemisphere Mid‐Latitudes.” Global Change Biology 22, no. 8: 2852–2860. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13224. Zani, D., T. W. Crowther, L. D. Mo, S. S. Renner, and C. M. Zohner. 2020. “Increased Growing‐Season Productivity Drives Earlier Autumn Leaf Senescence in Temperate Trees.” Science 370, no. 6520: 1066–1071. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd8911. Zhang, Q., H. Zhao, W. Cheng, et al. 2023. “Increased Productivity of Temperate Vegetation in the Preceding Year Drives Early Spring Phenology in the Subsequent Year in Northern China.” Science of the Total Environment 903: 166676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166676. Zhang, Y., T. F. Keenan, and S. Zhou. 2021. “Exacerbated Drought Impacts on Global Ecosystems due to Structural Overshoot.” Nature Ecology & Evolution 5, no. 11: 1490–1498. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559‐021‐01551‐8. Zhang, Y., N. C. Parazoo, A. P. Williams, S. Zhou, and P. Gentine. 2020. “Large and Projected Strengthening Moisture Limitation on End‐Of‐Season Photosynthesis.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117, no. 17: 9216–9222. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914436117. Zhang, Y. C., S. B. Hong, J. Peñuelas, et al. 2024. “Weakened Connection Between Spring Leaf‐Out and Autumn Senescence in the Northern Hemisphere.” Global Change Biology 30, no. 7: e17429. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17429. Zhao, Q., Z. C. Zhu, H. Zeng, et al. 2023. “Seasonal Peak Photosynthesis Is Hindered by Late Canopy Development in Northern Ecosystems.” Nature Plants 9, no. 1: 192. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477‐023‐01342‐y. Zhou, S., Y. Zhang, K. K. Caylor, et al. 2016. “Explaining Inter‐Annual Variability of Gross Primary Productivity From Plant Phenology and Physiology.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 226: 246–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.06.010. Zhou, X., X. Geng, G. Yin, et al. 2020. “Legacy Effect of Spring Phenology on Vegetation Growth in Temperate China.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 281: 107845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107845. Zohner, C. M., B. M. Benito, J.‐C. Svenning, and S. S. Renner. 2016. “Day Length Unlikely to Constrain Climate‐Driven Shifts in Leaf‐Out Times of Northern Woody Plants.” Nature Climate Change 6, no. 12: 1120–1123. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3138. Zohner, C. M., L. Mirzagholi, S. S. Renner, et al. 2023. “Effect of Climate Warming on the Timing of Autumn Leaf Senescence Reverses After the Summer Solstice.” Science 381, no. 6653: eadf5098. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adf5098. Zohner, C. M., L. Mo, S. S. Renner, et al. 2020. “Late‐Spring Frost Risk Between 1959 and 2017 Decreased in North America but Increased in Europe and Asia.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117, no. 22: 12192–12200. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920816117. |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: carbon‐water trade‐offs; climate change; cross‐season coupling; ecosystem productivity; nutrient resorption; phenological carryover |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20261001 Date Completed: 20261001 Latest Revision: 20261001 |
| Update Code: | 20261001 |
| DOI: | 10.1111/gcb.71112 |
| PMID: | 42817724 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
καταχωρήστε σχόλιο πρώτοι!