Academic Journal
Psychometric Validation of the Italian 8-Item Green Paranoid Thoughts Scale (GPTS-8).
| Τίτλος: | Psychometric Validation of the Italian 8-Item Green Paranoid Thoughts Scale (GPTS-8). |
|---|---|
| Συγγραφείς: | Preti A; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze 'Rita Levi Montalcini', Universita Degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Piedmont, Italy., Masala C; Dipartimento di Pedagogia Psicologia Filosofia, Universita Degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy., Petretto DR; Dipartimento di Pedagogia Psicologia Filosofia, Universita Degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy. |
| Πηγή: | International journal of methods in psychiatric research [Int J Methods Psychiatr Res] 2026 Dec; Vol. 35 (4), pp. e70097. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article; Validation Study |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9111433 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1557-0657 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10498931 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Methods Psychiatr Res Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons Original Publication: Chichester ; New York : Wiley, c1991- |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Psychometrics*/instrumentation , Psychometrics*/standards , Paranoid Disorders*/diagnosis , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales*/standards, Humans ; Female ; Male ; Young Adult ; Reproducibility of Results ; Italy ; Adult ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Adolescent |
| Περίληψη: | Background: Paranoid ideation ranges from mild social-evaluative concerns to persecutory beliefs. The eight-item Green Paranoid Thoughts Scale (GPTS-8) provides a brief assessment of this continuum through reference and persecution items. Aims: To examine the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the GPTS-8, including its factorial structure, reliability, and convergent validity, in a non-clinical university sample. Methods: 243 university students completed the Italian GPTS-8 and the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief (PQ-B). Confirmatory factor analyses compared unidimensional, two-factor, bifactor, and second-order models using maximum likelihood estimation with robust standard errors. Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω, and item-level contributions to the general factor were examined using bifactor indices (ECV, ωH, IECV). Results: The bifactor model showed the best fit, supporting a dominant general paranoia factor alongside specific reference and persecution dimensions. Internal consistency was good for the GPTS-8 total score (α = 0.78) and acceptable for the subscales (respectively, 0.68 and 0.66). Item-level diagnostics indicated that several items primarily reflected the general factor, consistent with a hierarchical organization of paranoid ideation. Item response patterns suggested greater sensitivity at moderate to higher levels of the latent trait. Participants scoring above established PQ-B thresholds showed significantly higher GPTS-8 scores across dimensions, supporting convergent validity. Conclusions: The Italian GPTS-8 showed satisfactory psychometric properties, providing incremental evidence for its structural validity in an Italian-speaking context. However, given the use of a convenience student sample, findings should be considered preliminary and not directly generalizable to broader or clinical populations. (© 2026 The Author(s). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.) |
| References: | Bianchi, R., and J. Verkuilen. 2021. ““Green et al. Paranoid Thoughts Scale”: French Validation and Development of a Brief Version.” Personality and Individual Differences 171: 110554: Article 110554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110554. Brown, T. A. 2015. Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research. 2nd ed. Guilford Press. Cohen, J. 1988. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Routledge. Dueber, D. M. 2021. “Bifactorindicescalculator: Bifactor Indices Calculator.” Version 0.2.2. [R package]. https://CRAN.R‐project.org/package=BifactorIndicesCalculator. Fekih‐Romdhane, F., O. Ghorbel, C. Laranjeira, M. Cheour, F. Harb, and S. Hallit. 2025. “Validation of the Eight‐Item Paranoid Thoughts Scale (GPTS‐8) in Tunisian Arab Adults.” International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 34, no. 4: e70039. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.70039. Freeman, D., P. A. Garety, P. E. Bebbington, et al. 2005. “Psychological Investigation of the Structure of Paranoia in a Non‐Clinical Population.” British Journal of Psychiatry: Journal of Mental Science 186, no. 5: 427–435. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.186.5.427. Freeman, D., B. S. Loe, D. Kingdon, et al. 2021. “The Revised Green et al., Paranoid Thoughts Scale (R‐GPTS): Psychometric Properties, Severity Ranges, and Clinical Cut‐Offs.” Psychological Medicine 51, no. 2: 244–253. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719003155. Gorsuch, R. L. 1983. Factor Analysis. 2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Green, C. E., D. Freeman, E. Kuipers, et al. 2008. “Measuring Ideas of Persecution and Social Reference: The Green et al. Paranoid Thought Scales (GPTS).” Psychological Medicine 38, no. 1: 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707001638. Hair, J. F., W. C. Black, B. J. Babin, and R. E. Anderson. 2010. Multivariate Data Analysis. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education International. Hu, L., and P. M. Bentler. 1999. “Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives.” Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 6, no. 1: 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118. Latteur, A., F. Larøi, and C. Bortolon. 2022. “Translation and Validation of the French Version of the Revised Green et al., Paranoid Thoughts Scale (R‐GPTS) in Two Samples: Non‐Clinical and Clinical Adults.” Psychologica Belgica 62, no. 1: 208–217. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.1134. Loewy, R. L., R. Pearson, S. Vinogradov, C. E. Bearden, and T. D. Cannon. 2011. “Psychosis Risk Screening With the Prodromal Questionnaire‐Brief Version (PQ‐B).” Schizophrenia Research 129, no. 1: 42–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.03.029. Lucisano, P., and M. E. Piemontese. 1988. “GULPEASE: Una Formula Per la Predizione Della Difficoltà Dei Testi in Lingua Italiana.” Scuola e Citta 3: 110–124. https://hdl.handle.net/11573/450554. Mardia, K. V. 1970. “Measures of Multivariate Skewness and Kurtosis With Applications.” Biometrika 57, no. 3: 519–530. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/57.3.519. McDonald, R. P. 1999. Test Theory: A Unified Treatment. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Muthén, L. K., and B. O. Muthén. 2017. Mplus User’s Guide. 8th ed. Muthén & Muthén. Neidhart, M., S. Mohnke, B. O. Vogel, and H. Walter. 2024. “The Architecture of Paranoia in the General Population: A Self‐Report and Ecological Momentary Assessment Study.” Schizophrenia Research 271: 206–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2024.07.021. Nunnally, J. C., and I. H. Bernstein. 1994. Psychometric Theory. 3rd ed. McGraw‐Hill. Pelizza, L., S. Azzali, F. Paterlini, et al. 2018. “The Italian Version of the Brief 21‐Item Prodromal Questionnaire: Field Test, Psychometric Properties and Age‐Sensitive Cut‐Offs.” Psychopathology 51, no. 4: 234–244. https://doi.org/10.1159/000490708. Preti, A., D. Massidda, M. Cella, et al. 2019. “Factor Mixture Analysis of Paranoia in Young People.” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 54, no. 3: 355–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127‐018‐1642‐7. Preti, A., A. Raballo, G. D. Kotzalidis, et al. 2018. “Quick Identification of the Risk of Psychosis: The Italian Version of the Prodromal Questionnaire‐Brief.” Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health: CP & EMH 14, no. 1: 120–131. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901814010154. Raffard, S., C. Madouini, Y. Laraki, et al. 2023. “Green et al. Paranoid Thoughts Scale‐Revised: Structural Invariance and Clinical Utility of a Brief Version in Schizophrenia.” Journal of Psychiatric Research 163: 9–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.036. R Core Team. 2023. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R‐project.org/. Reise, S. P. 2012. “Invited Paper: The Rediscovery of Bifactor Measurement Models.” Multivariate Behavioral Research 47, no. 5: 667–696. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2012.715555. Resneck, J. S., Jr. 2025. “Revisions to the Declaration of Helsinki on Its 60th Anniversary: A Modernized Set of Ethical Principles to Promote and Ensure Respect for Participants in a Rapidly Innovating Medical Research Ecosystem.” JAMA 333, no. 1: 15–17. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.21902. Rodriguez, A., S. P. Reise, and M. G. Haviland. 2016a. “Evaluating Bifactor Models: Calculating and Interpreting Statistical Indices.” Psychological Methods 21, no. 2: 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000045. Rodriguez, A., S. P. Reise, and M. G. Haviland. 2016b. “Applying Bifactor Statistical Indices in the Evaluation of Psychological Measures.” Journal of Personality Assessment 98, no. 3: 223–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2015.1089249. Rosseel, Y. 2012. “Lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling.” Journal of Statistical Software 48, no. 2: 1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02. Schlier, B., T. M. Lincoln, J. L. Kingston, et al. 2024. “Cross‐Cultural Validation of the Revised Green Et al., Paranoid Thoughts Scale.” Psychological Medicine 54, no. 9: 1985–1991. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724000072. Statham, V., L. M. Emerson, and G. Rowse. 2019. “A Systematic Review of Self‐Report Measures of Paranoia.” Psychological Assessment 31, no. 2: 139–158. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000645. Stucky, B. D., and M. O. Edelen. 2015. “Using Hierarchical IRT Models to Create Unidimensional Measures From Multidimensional Data.” In Handbook of Item Response Theory Modeling: Applications to Typical Performance Assessment, edited by S. P. Reise and D. A. Revicki, 183–206. Routledge. Taber, K. S. 2018. “The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education.” Research in Science Education 48, no. 6: 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165‐016‐9602‐2. Terwee, C. B., S. D. Bot, M. R. de Boer, et al. 2007. “Quality Criteria Were Proposed for Measurement Properties of Health Status Questionnaires.” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 60, no. 1: 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012. Wolf, E. J., K. M. Harrington, S. L. Clark, and M. W. Miller. 2013. “Sample Size Requirements for Structural Equation Models: An Evaluation of Power, Bias, and Solution Propriety.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 73, no. 6: 913–934. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164413495237. |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: bifactor analysis; confirmatory factor analysis; paranoia; persecution; self‐assessment |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20261001 Date Completed: 20261001 Latest Revision: 20261001 |
| Update Code: | 20261001 |
| DOI: | 10.1002/mpr.70097 |
| PMID: | 42817002 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Psychometric Validation of the Italian 8-Item Green Paranoid Thoughts Scale (GPTS-8). – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Preti+A%22">Preti A</searchLink>; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze 'Rita Levi Montalcini', Universita Degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Piedmont, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Masala+C%22">Masala C</searchLink>; Dipartimento di Pedagogia Psicologia Filosofia, Universita Degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Petretto+DR%22">Petretto DR</searchLink>; Dipartimento di Pedagogia Psicologia Filosofia, Universita Degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy. – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%229111433%22">International journal of methods in psychiatric research</searchLink> [Int J Methods Psychiatr Res] 2026 Dec; Vol. 35 (4), pp. e70097. – Name: TypePub Label: Publication Type Group: TypPub Data: Journal Article; Validation Study – Name: Language Label: Language Group: Lang Data: English – Name: TitleSource Label: Journal Info Group: Src Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22John+Wiley+%26+Sons%22">John Wiley & Sons </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>United States <i>NLM ID: </i>9111433 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1557-0657 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2210498931%22">10498931 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Int J Methods Psychiatr Res <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE – Name: PublisherInfo Label: Imprint Name(s) Group: PubInfo Data: <i>Publication</i>: Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons<br /><i>Original Publication</i>: Chichester ; New York : Wiley, c1991- – Name: SubjectMESH Label: MeSH Terms Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Psychometrics%22">Psychometrics*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Psychometrics+instrumentation%22">instrumentation</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Psychometrics%22">Psychometrics*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Psychometrics+standards%22">standards</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Paranoid+Disorders%22">Paranoid Disorders*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Paranoid+Disorders+diagnosis%22">diagnosis</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Psychiatric+Status+Rating+Scales%22">Psychiatric Status Rating Scales*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Psychiatric+Status+Rating+Scales+standards%22">standards</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Female%22">Female</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Male%22">Male</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Young+Adult%22">Young Adult</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Reproducibility+of+Results%22">Reproducibility of Results</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Italy%22">Italy</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Adult%22">Adult</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Factor+Analysis%2C+Statistical%22">Factor Analysis, Statistical</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Adolescent%22">Adolescent</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Background: Paranoid ideation ranges from mild social-evaluative concerns to persecutory beliefs. The eight-item Green Paranoid Thoughts Scale (GPTS-8) provides a brief assessment of this continuum through reference and persecution items.<br />Aims: To examine the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the GPTS-8, including its factorial structure, reliability, and convergent validity, in a non-clinical university sample.<br />Methods: 243 university students completed the Italian GPTS-8 and the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief (PQ-B). Confirmatory factor analyses compared unidimensional, two-factor, bifactor, and second-order models using maximum likelihood estimation with robust standard errors. Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω, and item-level contributions to the general factor were examined using bifactor indices (ECV, ωH, IECV).<br />Results: The bifactor model showed the best fit, supporting a dominant general paranoia factor alongside specific reference and persecution dimensions. Internal consistency was good for the GPTS-8 total score (α = 0.78) and acceptable for the subscales (respectively, 0.68 and 0.66). Item-level diagnostics indicated that several items primarily reflected the general factor, consistent with a hierarchical organization of paranoid ideation. Item response patterns suggested greater sensitivity at moderate to higher levels of the latent trait. Participants scoring above established PQ-B thresholds showed significantly higher GPTS-8 scores across dimensions, supporting convergent validity.<br />Conclusions: The Italian GPTS-8 showed satisfactory psychometric properties, providing incremental evidence for its structural validity in an Italian-speaking context. However, given the use of a convenience student sample, findings should be considered preliminary and not directly generalizable to broader or clinical populations.<br /> (© 2026 The Author(s). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.) – Name: Ref Label: References Group: RefInfo Data: Bianchi, R., and J. Verkuilen. 2021. ““Green et al. Paranoid Thoughts Scale”: French Validation and Development of a Brief Version.” Personality and Individual Differences 171: 110554: Article 110554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110554.<br />Brown, T. A. 2015. Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research. 2nd ed. Guilford Press.<br />Cohen, J. 1988. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Routledge.<br />Dueber, D. M. 2021. “Bifactorindicescalculator: Bifactor Indices Calculator.” Version 0.2.2. [R package]. https://CRAN.R‐project.org/package=BifactorIndicesCalculator.<br />Fekih‐Romdhane, F., O. Ghorbel, C. Laranjeira, M. Cheour, F. Harb, and S. Hallit. 2025. “Validation of the Eight‐Item Paranoid Thoughts Scale (GPTS‐8) in Tunisian Arab Adults.” International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 34, no. 4: e70039. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.70039.<br />Freeman, D., P. A. Garety, P. E. Bebbington, et al. 2005. “Psychological Investigation of the Structure of Paranoia in a Non‐Clinical Population.” British Journal of Psychiatry: Journal of Mental Science 186, no. 5: 427–435. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.186.5.427.<br />Freeman, D., B. S. Loe, D. Kingdon, et al. 2021. “The Revised Green et al., Paranoid Thoughts Scale (R‐GPTS): Psychometric Properties, Severity Ranges, and Clinical Cut‐Offs.” Psychological Medicine 51, no. 2: 244–253. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719003155.<br />Gorsuch, R. L. 1983. Factor Analysis. 2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.<br />Green, C. E., D. Freeman, E. Kuipers, et al. 2008. “Measuring Ideas of Persecution and Social Reference: The Green et al. Paranoid Thought Scales (GPTS).” Psychological Medicine 38, no. 1: 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707001638.<br />Hair, J. F., W. C. Black, B. J. Babin, and R. E. Anderson. 2010. Multivariate Data Analysis. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education International.<br />Hu, L., and P. M. Bentler. 1999. “Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives.” Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 6, no. 1: 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.<br />Latteur, A., F. Larøi, and C. Bortolon. 2022. “Translation and Validation of the French Version of the Revised Green et al., Paranoid Thoughts Scale (R‐GPTS) in Two Samples: Non‐Clinical and Clinical Adults.” Psychologica Belgica 62, no. 1: 208–217. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.1134.<br />Loewy, R. L., R. Pearson, S. Vinogradov, C. E. Bearden, and T. D. Cannon. 2011. “Psychosis Risk Screening With the Prodromal Questionnaire‐Brief Version (PQ‐B).” Schizophrenia Research 129, no. 1: 42–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.03.029.<br />Lucisano, P., and M. E. Piemontese. 1988. “GULPEASE: Una Formula Per la Predizione Della Difficoltà Dei Testi in Lingua Italiana.” Scuola e Citta 3: 110–124. https://hdl.handle.net/11573/450554.<br />Mardia, K. V. 1970. “Measures of Multivariate Skewness and Kurtosis With Applications.” Biometrika 57, no. 3: 519–530. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/57.3.519.<br />McDonald, R. P. 1999. Test Theory: A Unified Treatment. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.<br />Muthén, L. K., and B. O. Muthén. 2017. Mplus User’s Guide. 8th ed. Muthén & Muthén.<br />Neidhart, M., S. Mohnke, B. O. Vogel, and H. Walter. 2024. “The Architecture of Paranoia in the General Population: A Self‐Report and Ecological Momentary Assessment Study.” Schizophrenia Research 271: 206–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2024.07.021.<br />Nunnally, J. C., and I. H. Bernstein. 1994. Psychometric Theory. 3rd ed. McGraw‐Hill.<br />Pelizza, L., S. Azzali, F. Paterlini, et al. 2018. “The Italian Version of the Brief 21‐Item Prodromal Questionnaire: Field Test, Psychometric Properties and Age‐Sensitive Cut‐Offs.” Psychopathology 51, no. 4: 234–244. https://doi.org/10.1159/000490708.<br />Preti, A., D. Massidda, M. Cella, et al. 2019. “Factor Mixture Analysis of Paranoia in Young People.” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 54, no. 3: 355–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127‐018‐1642‐7.<br />Preti, A., A. Raballo, G. D. Kotzalidis, et al. 2018. “Quick Identification of the Risk of Psychosis: The Italian Version of the Prodromal Questionnaire‐Brief.” Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health: CP & EMH 14, no. 1: 120–131. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901814010154.<br />Raffard, S., C. Madouini, Y. Laraki, et al. 2023. “Green et al. Paranoid Thoughts Scale‐Revised: Structural Invariance and Clinical Utility of a Brief Version in Schizophrenia.” Journal of Psychiatric Research 163: 9–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.036.<br />R Core Team. 2023. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R‐project.org/.<br />Reise, S. P. 2012. “Invited Paper: The Rediscovery of Bifactor Measurement Models.” Multivariate Behavioral Research 47, no. 5: 667–696. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2012.715555.<br />Resneck, J. S., Jr. 2025. “Revisions to the Declaration of Helsinki on Its 60th Anniversary: A Modernized Set of Ethical Principles to Promote and Ensure Respect for Participants in a Rapidly Innovating Medical Research Ecosystem.” JAMA 333, no. 1: 15–17. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.21902.<br />Rodriguez, A., S. P. Reise, and M. G. Haviland. 2016a. “Evaluating Bifactor Models: Calculating and Interpreting Statistical Indices.” Psychological Methods 21, no. 2: 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000045.<br />Rodriguez, A., S. P. Reise, and M. G. Haviland. 2016b. “Applying Bifactor Statistical Indices in the Evaluation of Psychological Measures.” Journal of Personality Assessment 98, no. 3: 223–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2015.1089249.<br />Rosseel, Y. 2012. “Lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling.” Journal of Statistical Software 48, no. 2: 1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02.<br />Schlier, B., T. M. Lincoln, J. L. Kingston, et al. 2024. “Cross‐Cultural Validation of the Revised Green Et al., Paranoid Thoughts Scale.” Psychological Medicine 54, no. 9: 1985–1991. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724000072.<br />Statham, V., L. M. Emerson, and G. Rowse. 2019. “A Systematic Review of Self‐Report Measures of Paranoia.” Psychological Assessment 31, no. 2: 139–158. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000645.<br />Stucky, B. D., and M. O. Edelen. 2015. “Using Hierarchical IRT Models to Create Unidimensional Measures From Multidimensional Data.” In Handbook of Item Response Theory Modeling: Applications to Typical Performance Assessment, edited by S. P. Reise and D. A. Revicki, 183–206. Routledge.<br />Taber, K. S. 2018. “The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education.” Research in Science Education 48, no. 6: 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165‐016‐9602‐2.<br />Terwee, C. B., S. D. Bot, M. R. de Boer, et al. 2007. “Quality Criteria Were Proposed for Measurement Properties of Health Status Questionnaires.” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 60, no. 1: 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012.<br />Wolf, E. J., K. M. Harrington, S. L. Clark, and M. W. Miller. 2013. “Sample Size Requirements for Structural Equation Models: An Evaluation of Power, Bias, and Solution Propriety.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 73, no. 6: 913–934. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164413495237. – Name: SubjectMinor Label: Contributed Indexing Group: Data: <i>Keywords: </i>bifactor analysis; confirmatory factor analysis; paranoia; persecution; self‐assessment – Name: DateEntry Label: Entry Date(s) Group: Date Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20261001 <i>Date Completed: </i>20261001 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20261001 – Name: DateUpdate Label: Update Code Group: Date Data: 20261001 – Name: DOI Label: DOI Group: ID Data: 10.1002/mpr.70097 – Name: AN Label: PMID Group: ID Data: 42817002 |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1002/mpr.70097 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: StartPage: e70097 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Humans Type: general – SubjectFull: Female Type: general – SubjectFull: Male Type: general – SubjectFull: Young Adult Type: general – SubjectFull: Reproducibility of Results Type: general – SubjectFull: Italy Type: general – SubjectFull: Adult Type: general – SubjectFull: Factor Analysis, Statistical Type: general – SubjectFull: Adolescent Type: general – SubjectFull: Psychometrics instrumentation Type: general – SubjectFull: Psychometrics standards Type: general – SubjectFull: Paranoid Disorders diagnosis Type: general – SubjectFull: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales standards Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Psychometric Validation of the Italian 8-Item Green Paranoid Thoughts Scale (GPTS-8). Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Preti A – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Masala C – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Petretto DR IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 12 Text: 2026 Dec Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-electronic Value: 1557-0657 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 35 – Type: issue Value: 4 Titles: – TitleFull: International journal of methods in psychiatric research Type: main |
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