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Environmental radiological baseline characterization of a proposed medical cyclotron facility in Indonesia using dual-detector measurements and geostatistical analysis.

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Τίτλος: Environmental radiological baseline characterization of a proposed medical cyclotron facility in Indonesia using dual-detector measurements and geostatistical analysis.
Συγγραφείς: Purnama DS; Doctoral Program in Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia. dikdik.sidik.purnama@brin.go.id.; Research Center for Nuclear Beam Analysis Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Tamansari No. 71, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia. dikdik.sidik.purnama@brin.go.id., Muliawan D; Directorate of Nuclear Facility Management, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Tamansari No. 71, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia., Santoso M; Research Center for Nuclear Beam Analysis Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Tamansari No. 71, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia. muhayatun@brin.go.id., Fitriana R; Research Center for Nuclear Reactor Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Tamansari No. 71, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia., Nugraha ED; Research Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Puspitek, South Tangerang, 15314, Banten, Indonesia., Abdullah ARA; Research Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Puspitek, South Tangerang, 15314, Banten, Indonesia., Permana S; Doctoral Program in Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia. psidik@itb.ac.id.
Πηγή: Environmental geochemistry and health [Environ Geochem Health] 2026 Sep 30; Vol. 48 (15). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 30.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8903118 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1573-2983 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 02694042 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Geochem Health Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: 1999- : Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers
Original Publication: Kew, Surrey : Science and Technology Letters, 1985-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Radiation Monitoring*/methods , Radiation Monitoring*/instrumentation , Cyclotrons* , Gamma Rays*, Indonesia
Περίληψη: Establishing a robust pre-operational radiological baseline is essential for distinguishing pre-existing environmental variability from changes associated with future nuclear medicine operations. This study characterizes the ambient gamma-radiation field at a proposed medical cyclotron facility in South Cikarang, West Java, Indonesia. Nineteen monitoring locations were designated across heterogeneous terrain, with direct measurements obtained at 18 locations because Point B was unavailable. Ambient dose equivalent rates, H*(10), were measured at the ground surface and 1 m above ground level using complementary Geiger-Müller (GM) and NaI(Tl) detectors, with ten replicate measurements per configuration. Across all detector systems and measurement heights, H*(10) ranged from 0.030 to 0.120 µSv h-1, and median surface-to-1 m reductions were 11.8% for GM and 14.2% for NaI(Tl). Inter-detector agreement was strong, with Pearson r = 0.958 at the surface and 0.919 at 1 m. Ordinary Kriging identified spatial dependence over approximately 100 m, with higher values associated with engineered sand and crushed-stone fill and lower values generally associated with natural clay-dominated and vegetated ground. Screening-level annual external dose estimates ranged from 0.052 to 0.172 mSv y-1 and excess lifetime cancer risk from 1.76 × 10-4 to 5.86 × 10-4. The findings establish a site-specific pre-operational radiological baseline and demonstrate a transferable framework integrating measurement validation, uncertainty analysis, and spatial modelling for environmental surveillance around planned radiological facilities.
(© 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests. Statement on the Use of AI Tools: During the preparation of this manuscript, the authors used generative AI tools, including ChatGPT, to assist with language editing and with the development and troubleshooting of Python code used for statistical data processing. All AI-assisted outputs were reviewed, verified, and, where necessary, modified by the authors. The authors remain fully responsible for the accuracy, integrity, interpretation, and scientific conclusions of the work.
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Grant Information: RO4-DET-C-026 (2024) RP HITN Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Ambient dose equivalent rate; Dual-detector measurements; Environmental radiological baseline; Geostatistics; Medical cyclotron; Radiological risk assessment
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260930 Date Completed: 20260930 Latest Revision: 20260930
Update Code: 20261001
DOI: 10.1007/s10653-026-03505-0
PMID: 42814207
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Environmental radiological baseline characterization of a proposed medical cyclotron facility in Indonesia using dual-detector measurements and geostatistical analysis.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Purnama+DS%22">Purnama DS</searchLink>; Doctoral Program in Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia. dikdik.sidik.purnama@brin.go.id.; Research Center for Nuclear Beam Analysis Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Tamansari No. 71, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia. dikdik.sidik.purnama@brin.go.id.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Muliawan+D%22">Muliawan D</searchLink>; Directorate of Nuclear Facility Management, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Tamansari No. 71, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Santoso+M%22">Santoso M</searchLink>; Research Center for Nuclear Beam Analysis Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Tamansari No. 71, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia. muhayatun@brin.go.id.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fitriana+R%22">Fitriana R</searchLink>; Research Center for Nuclear Reactor Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Tamansari No. 71, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nugraha+ED%22">Nugraha ED</searchLink>; Research Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Puspitek, South Tangerang, 15314, Banten, Indonesia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Abdullah+ARA%22">Abdullah ARA</searchLink>; Research Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Puspitek, South Tangerang, 15314, Banten, Indonesia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Permana+S%22">Permana S</searchLink>; Doctoral Program in Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia. psidik@itb.ac.id.
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  Data: Establishing a robust pre-operational radiological baseline is essential for distinguishing pre-existing environmental variability from changes associated with future nuclear medicine operations. This study characterizes the ambient gamma-radiation field at a proposed medical cyclotron facility in South Cikarang, West Java, Indonesia. Nineteen monitoring locations were designated across heterogeneous terrain, with direct measurements obtained at 18 locations because Point B was unavailable. Ambient dose equivalent rates, H*(10), were measured at the ground surface and 1 m above ground level using complementary Geiger-Müller (GM) and NaI(Tl) detectors, with ten replicate measurements per configuration. Across all detector systems and measurement heights, H*(10) ranged from 0.030 to 0.120 µSv h<superscript>-1</superscript>, and median surface-to-1 m reductions were 11.8% for GM and 14.2% for NaI(Tl). Inter-detector agreement was strong, with Pearson r = 0.958 at the surface and 0.919 at 1 m. Ordinary Kriging identified spatial dependence over approximately 100 m, with higher values associated with engineered sand and crushed-stone fill and lower values generally associated with natural clay-dominated and vegetated ground. Screening-level annual external dose estimates ranged from 0.052 to 0.172 mSv y<superscript>-1</superscript> and excess lifetime cancer risk from 1.76 × 10<superscript>-4</superscript> to 5.86 × 10<superscript>-4</superscript>. The findings establish a site-specific pre-operational radiological baseline and demonstrate a transferable framework integrating measurement validation, uncertainty analysis, and spatial modelling for environmental surveillance around planned radiological facilities.<br /> (© 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)
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  Data: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests. Statement on the Use of AI Tools: During the preparation of this manuscript, the authors used generative AI tools, including ChatGPT, to assist with language editing and with the development and troubleshooting of Python code used for statistical data processing. All AI-assisted outputs were reviewed, verified, and, where necessary, modified by the authors. The authors remain fully responsible for the accuracy, integrity, interpretation, and scientific conclusions of the work.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: Abdullah, A. R. A., Permana, S., Srigutomo, W., Maulana, A., Irwanto, D., Seno, H., Purnama, D. S., Wafda, H., Wulandari, C., Wahyudi, W., Farid, M. M., Rosianna, I., Humolungo, I., Zulfahmi, Z., & Nugraha, E. D. (2025a). Investigating the soil surface properties behind elevated natural radiation in Mamuju, Indonesia. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-21431-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1038%2Fs41598-025-21431-6%22">10.1038/s41598-025-21431-6)</searchLink><br />Abdullah, A. R. A., Permana, S., Srigutomo, W., Maulana, A., Seno, H., Purnama, D. S., Rasito, H., & I., & Zulfahmi. (2025b). Performance analysis of radiation detection devices in elevated natural radiation zones: A case study of Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, 57(1), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2025.57.1.8. 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