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Spatial Distribution, Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment, and Quantitative Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Stream Sediments of an Arid River, Qaidam Basin, NW China.

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Title: Spatial Distribution, Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment, and Quantitative Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Stream Sediments of an Arid River, Qaidam Basin, NW China.
Authors: Zhao S; Qinghai Fourth Geological Exploration Institute, Xining, Qinghai, China.; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Resources, Xining, Qinghai, China., Xue S; Qinghai Fourth Geological Exploration Institute, Xining, Qinghai, China.; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Resources, Xining, Qinghai, China., An S; Qinghai Fourth Geological Exploration Institute, Xining, Qinghai, China.; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Resources, Xining, Qinghai, China., Ning H; Tianjin Center (North China Center for Geoscience Innovation), China Geological Survey, Tianjin, China., Wang J; Qinghai Geological Survey, Xining, Qinghai, China., Ji B; Qinghai Fourth Geological Exploration Institute, Xining, Qinghai, China.; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Resources, Xining, Qinghai, China., Duan J; Qinghai Fourth Geological Exploration Institute, Xining, Qinghai, China.; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Resources, Xining, Qinghai, China., Wang Q; Qinghai Fourth Geological Exploration Institute, Xining, Qinghai, China.; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Resources, Xining, Qinghai, China., Li S; Qinghai Fourth Geological Exploration Institute, Xining, Qinghai, China.; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Resources, Xining, Qinghai, China., Wang G; Qinghai Fourth Geological Exploration Institute, Xining, Qinghai, China.; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Resources, Xining, Qinghai, China.
Source: Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation [Water Environ Res] 2026 Oct; Vol. 98 (10), pp. e70596.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Wiley Subscription Services on behalf of The Water Environment Foundation Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9886167 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1554-7531 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10614303 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Water Environ Res Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley Subscription Services on behalf of The Water Environment Foundation
Original Publication: Alexandria, VA : The Federation, c1992-
MeSH Terms: Metals, Heavy*/analysis , Metals, Heavy*/chemistry , Geologic Sediments*/chemistry , Rivers*/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical*/analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical*/chemistry, China ; Risk Assessment ; Humans ; Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: Under the dual influence of geological background and human activities, heavy metal contamination in riverine ecosystems poses a significant threat to ecological security and public health. This study systematically investigated the contamination characteristics, ecological and health risks, and sources of nine heavy metals (As, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Hg, Co, and Ti) based on 7395 stream sediment samples collected from the Bayinguole River in the Qaidam Basin. The results indicated an overall enrichment of Co, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ti across the study area, among which Co and Ni were the most prominent, whereas As and Hg exhibited widespread background depletion. Contamination assessments revealed that the basin is overall unpolluted. However, Co exhibited slight regional enrichment, and Cr, Ni, and Pb displayed localized extreme high-concentration anomalies. A coupled principal component analysis and positive matrix factorization (PCA-PMF) model successfully apportioned heavy metal sources into three distinct pathways: natural geological background (67.1%), industrial and mining activities (26.7%), and atmospheric deposition (6.2%). In terms of ecological risk, the basin overall presented a low level of potential threat, with Co identified as the primary risk driver. Health risk assessments demonstrated that children face higher exposure vulnerabilities than adults, whereas localized carcinogenic risks are primarily driven by extreme hot spots of Cr and As. This study provides a solid scientific foundation for water ecological management, targeted regional pollution control, and public health protection in arid inland river basins.
(© 2026 Water Environment Federation.)
References: Bawa‐Allah, K. A. 2023. “Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Nigerian Surface Freshwaters and Sediment: A Meta‐Analysis Using Ecological and Human Health Risk Indices.” Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 256: 104199.
Chai, L., Y. H. Wang, X. Wang, L. Ma, Z. X. Chen, and L. M. Su. 2021. “Pollution Characteristics, Spatial Distributions, and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Cultivated Soil in Lanzhou, China.” Ecological Indicators 125: 107507.
Chen, H. Y., Y. G. Teng, J. Li, J. Wu, and J. S. Wang. 2016. “Source Apportionment of Trace Metals in River Sediments: A Comparison of Three Methods.” Environmental Pollution 211: 28–37.
Chen, R., Q. Zhang, H. Chen, W. Yue, and Y. Teng. 2021. “Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Sediments and Soils in an Interconnected River‐Soil System Based on a Composite Fingerprint Screening Approach.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 411: 125125.
Chen, Z., Y. Zhao, N. Liang, Y. Yao, Y. Zhao, and T. Liu. 2024. “Pollution, Cumulative Ecological Risk and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Water Bodies and River Sediments Near the Luanchuan Molybdenum Mining Area in the Xiaoqinling Mountains, China.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 205: 116621.
Cheng, H., M. Li, C. Zhao, et al. 2015. “Concentrations of Toxic Metals and Ecological Risk Assessment for Sediments of Major Freshwater Lakes in China.” Journal of Geochemical Exploration 157: 15–26.
China National Environmental Monitoring Centre. 1990. Background Values of Soil Elements in China (in Chinese), 1–500. China Environmental Science Press.
Gao, L., B. Gao, D. Xu, W. Peng, and J. Lu. 2019. “Multiple Assessments of Trace Metals in Sediments and Their Response to the Water Level Fluctuation in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China.” Science of the Total Environment 648: 197–205.
Hakanson, L. 1980. “An Ecological Risk Index for Aquatic Pollution Control a Sedimentological Approach.” Water Research 14: 975–1001.
Lahiri, D., I. Ray, R. Ray, et al. 2024. “Source Apportionment and Emission Projections of Heavy Metals From Traffic Sources in India: Insights From Elemental and Pb Isotopic Compositions.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 480: 135810.
Li, Z., Y. Wang, S. Chen, et al. 2025. “Pollution Assessment and Source Analysis of Heavy Metals in Sediment of Lake Tuohu in Huaihe River Basin (in Chinese).” Journal of Lake Science 37: 889–901.
Lin, Q., E. F. Liu, E. L. Zhang, K. Li, and J. Shen. 2016. “Spatial Distribution, Contamination and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Erhai Lake, a Large Eutrophic Plateau Lake in Southwest China.” Catena 145: 193–203.
Lin, Y., P. Han, Y. Huang, G. Yuan, J. Guo, and J. Li. 2017. “Source Identification of Potentially Hazardous Elements and Their Relationships With Soil Properties in Agricultural Soil of the Pinggu District of Beijing, China: Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Redundancy Analysis.” Journal of Geochemical Exploration 173: 110–118.
Liu, M., L. Y. Zhao, L. Lin, et al. 2024. “Distribution Characteristics, Sources and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments From the Largest Tributary of the Lancang River in the Tibet Plateau, China.” Environmental Geochemistry and Health 46: 414.
Lu, X., X. Wu, Y. Wang, H. Chen, P. Gao, and Y. Fu. 2014. “Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in Street Dust From a Medium–Sized Industrial City of China.” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 106: 154–163.
Luo, M., J. Jiao, H. Li, F. Pan, and K. Xiao. 2026. “Contrasting Distribution Patterns and Mobilization Mechanisms of Pore Water Heavy Metals in Riverine and Coastal Ecosystems.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 501: 140622.
Luo, M., H. Yu, Q. Liu, W. Lan, Q. Ye, and Y. Niu. 2021. “Effect of River‐Lake Connectivity on Heavy Metal Diffusion and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 416: 125818.
Lv, H., Z. Lu, G. Fu, et al. 2024. “Pollution Characteristics and Quantitative Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals Within a Zinc Smelting Site by GIS‐Based PMF and APCS‐MLR Models.” Journal of Environmental Sciences 144: 100–112.
Müller, G. 1969. “Index of Geoaccumulation in Sediments of the Rhine River.” GeoJournal 2: 108–118.
Paatero, P., and U. Tapper. 1994. “Positive Matrix Factorization: A Non‐Negative Factor Model With Optimal Utilization of Error Estimates of Data Values.” Environmetrics 5: 111–126.
Pescatore, A., C. Grassi, A. M. Rizzo, S. Orlandini, and M. Napoli. 2022. “Effects of Biochar on Berseem Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum, L.) Growth and Heavy Metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) Accumulation.” Chemosphere 287: 131986.
Proshad, R., T. Kormoker, M. A. Al, M. S. Islam, S. Khadka, and A. M. Idris. 2022. “Receptor Model‐Based Source Apportionment and Ecological Risk of Metals in Sediments of an Urban River in Bangladesh.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 423: 127030.
Proshad, R., M. Uddin, A. M. Idris, and M. A. Al. 2022. “Receptor Model‐Oriented Sources and Risks Evaluation of Metals in Sediments of an Industrial Affected Riverine System in Bangladesh.” Science of the Total Environment 838: 156029.
Sun, W., E. Xiao, Y. Dong, et al. 2016. “Profiling Microbial Community in a Watershed Heavily Contaminated by an Active Antimony (Sb) Mine in Southwest China.” Science of the Total Environment 550: 297–308.
Sutherland, R. A. 2000. “Bed Sediment‐Associated Trace Metals in an Urban Stream, Oahu, Hawaii.” Environmental Geology 39: 611–627.
Upadhyay, V., A. Kumari, and S. Kumar. 2024. “From Soil to Health Hazards: Heavy Metals Contamination in Northern India and Health Risk Assessment.” Chemosphere 354: 141697.
Vu, C. T., C. Lin, C. C. Shern, G. Yeh, G. Le, and H. Tran. 2017. “Contamination, Ecological Risk and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Sediments and Water of a Contaminated River in Taiwan.” Ecological Indicators 82: 32–42.
Wang, J., J. Wu, S. Zhan, et al. 2021. “Spatial Enrichment Assessment, Source Identification and Health Risks of Potentially Toxic Elements in Surface Sediments, Central Asian Countries.” Journal of Soils and Sediments 21: 3906–3916.
Wang, L., Y. Wang, W. Zhang, C. Xu, and Z. An. 2014. “Multivariate Statistical Techniques for Evaluating and Identifying the Environmental Significance of Heavy Metal Contamination in Sediments of the Yangtze River, China.” Environmental Earth Sciences 71: 1183–1193.
Wang, Y., J. Zhang, Q. Yan, et al. 2025. “Spatial Distribution, Sediment–Water Partitioning, Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in the Golmud River–Dabson Salt Lake Ecosystem.” Environmental Research 268: 120792.
Zhang, J., X. Li, L. Guo, Z. Deng, D. Wang, and L. Liu. 2021. “Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution and Water Quality Characteristics of the Reservoir Control Reaches in the Middle Han River, China.” Science of the Total Environment 799: 149472.
Zhang, Y., B. Jiang, Z. Gao, et al. 2024. “Health Risk Assessment of Soil Heavy Metals in a Typical Mining Town in North China Based on Monte Carlo Simulation Coupled With Positive Matrix Factorization Model.” Environmental Research 251: 118696.
Zhou, H., Y. Chen, and L. Yang. 2023. “Identification and Hazard Analysis of Heavy Metal Sources in Agricultural Soils in Ancient Mining Areas: A Quantitative Method Based on the Receptor Model and Risk Assessment.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 445: 130528.
Zhou, H., X. Yue, Y. Chen, and Y. Liu. 2024. “Source‐Specific Probabilistic Contamination Risk and Health Risk Assessment of Soil Heavy Metals in a Typical Ancient Mining Area.” Science of the Total Environment 906: 167772.
Zuo, L., X. W. Lu, P. Fan, et al. 2022. “Concentrations, Sources and Ecological–Health Risks of Potentially Toxic Elements in Finer Road Dust From a Megacity in North China.” Journal of Cleaner Production 358: 132036.
Grant Information: 2024524031ky005 Qinghai Provincial Department of Science and Technology
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Qaidam Basin; heavy metal contamination; risk assessment; source apportionment; stream sediments
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Metals, Heavy)
0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260928 Date Completed: 20260928 Latest Revision: 20260930
Update Code: 20260930
DOI: 10.1002/wer.70596
PMID: 42805927
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: Spatial Distribution, Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment, and Quantitative Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Stream Sediments of an Arid River, Qaidam Basin, NW China.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Under the dual influence of geological background and human activities, heavy metal contamination in riverine ecosystems poses a significant threat to ecological security and public health. This study systematically investigated the contamination characteristics, ecological and health risks, and sources of nine heavy metals (As, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Hg, Co, and Ti) based on 7395 stream sediment samples collected from the Bayinguole River in the Qaidam Basin. The results indicated an overall enrichment of Co, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ti across the study area, among which Co and Ni were the most prominent, whereas As and Hg exhibited widespread background depletion. Contamination assessments revealed that the basin is overall unpolluted. However, Co exhibited slight regional enrichment, and Cr, Ni, and Pb displayed localized extreme high-concentration anomalies. A coupled principal component analysis and positive matrix factorization (PCA-PMF) model successfully apportioned heavy metal sources into three distinct pathways: natural geological background (67.1%), industrial and mining activities (26.7%), and atmospheric deposition (6.2%). In terms of ecological risk, the basin overall presented a low level of potential threat, with Co identified as the primary risk driver. Health risk assessments demonstrated that children face higher exposure vulnerabilities than adults, whereas localized carcinogenic risks are primarily driven by extreme hot spots of Cr and As. This study provides a solid scientific foundation for water ecological management, targeted regional pollution control, and public health protection in arid inland river basins.<br /> (© 2026 Water Environment Federation.)
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: Bawa‐Allah, K. A. 2023. “Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Nigerian Surface Freshwaters and Sediment: A Meta‐Analysis Using Ecological and Human Health Risk Indices.” Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 256: 104199.<br />Chai, L., Y. H. Wang, X. Wang, L. Ma, Z. X. Chen, and L. M. Su. 2021. “Pollution Characteristics, Spatial Distributions, and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Cultivated Soil in Lanzhou, China.” Ecological Indicators 125: 107507.<br />Chen, H. Y., Y. G. Teng, J. Li, J. Wu, and J. S. Wang. 2016. “Source Apportionment of Trace Metals in River Sediments: A Comparison of Three Methods.” Environmental Pollution 211: 28–37.<br />Chen, R., Q. Zhang, H. Chen, W. Yue, and Y. Teng. 2021. “Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Sediments and Soils in an Interconnected River‐Soil System Based on a Composite Fingerprint Screening Approach.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 411: 125125.<br />Chen, Z., Y. Zhao, N. Liang, Y. Yao, Y. Zhao, and T. Liu. 2024. “Pollution, Cumulative Ecological Risk and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Water Bodies and River Sediments Near the Luanchuan Molybdenum Mining Area in the Xiaoqinling Mountains, China.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 205: 116621.<br />Cheng, H., M. Li, C. Zhao, et al. 2015. “Concentrations of Toxic Metals and Ecological Risk Assessment for Sediments of Major Freshwater Lakes in China.” Journal of Geochemical Exploration 157: 15–26.<br />China National Environmental Monitoring Centre. 1990. Background Values of Soil Elements in China (in Chinese), 1–500. China Environmental Science Press.<br />Gao, L., B. Gao, D. Xu, W. Peng, and J. Lu. 2019. “Multiple Assessments of Trace Metals in Sediments and Their Response to the Water Level Fluctuation in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China.” Science of the Total Environment 648: 197–205.<br />Hakanson, L. 1980. “An Ecological Risk Index for Aquatic Pollution Control a Sedimentological Approach.” Water Research 14: 975–1001.<br />Lahiri, D., I. Ray, R. Ray, et al. 2024. “Source Apportionment and Emission Projections of Heavy Metals From Traffic Sources in India: Insights From Elemental and Pb Isotopic Compositions.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 480: 135810.<br />Li, Z., Y. Wang, S. Chen, et al. 2025. “Pollution Assessment and Source Analysis of Heavy Metals in Sediment of Lake Tuohu in Huaihe River Basin (in Chinese).” Journal of Lake Science 37: 889–901.<br />Lin, Q., E. F. Liu, E. L. Zhang, K. Li, and J. Shen. 2016. “Spatial Distribution, Contamination and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Erhai Lake, a Large Eutrophic Plateau Lake in Southwest China.” Catena 145: 193–203.<br />Lin, Y., P. Han, Y. Huang, G. Yuan, J. Guo, and J. Li. 2017. “Source Identification of Potentially Hazardous Elements and Their Relationships With Soil Properties in Agricultural Soil of the Pinggu District of Beijing, China: Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Redundancy Analysis.” Journal of Geochemical Exploration 173: 110–118.<br />Liu, M., L. Y. Zhao, L. Lin, et al. 2024. “Distribution Characteristics, Sources and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments From the Largest Tributary of the Lancang River in the Tibet Plateau, China.” Environmental Geochemistry and Health 46: 414.<br />Lu, X., X. Wu, Y. Wang, H. Chen, P. Gao, and Y. Fu. 2014. “Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in Street Dust From a Medium–Sized Industrial City of China.” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 106: 154–163.<br />Luo, M., J. Jiao, H. Li, F. Pan, and K. Xiao. 2026. “Contrasting Distribution Patterns and Mobilization Mechanisms of Pore Water Heavy Metals in Riverine and Coastal Ecosystems.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 501: 140622.<br />Luo, M., H. Yu, Q. Liu, W. Lan, Q. Ye, and Y. Niu. 2021. “Effect of River‐Lake Connectivity on Heavy Metal Diffusion and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 416: 125818.<br />Lv, H., Z. Lu, G. Fu, et al. 2024. “Pollution Characteristics and Quantitative Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals Within a Zinc Smelting Site by GIS‐Based PMF and APCS‐MLR Models.” Journal of Environmental Sciences 144: 100–112.<br />Müller, G. 1969. “Index of Geoaccumulation in Sediments of the Rhine River.” GeoJournal 2: 108–118.<br />Paatero, P., and U. Tapper. 1994. “Positive Matrix Factorization: A Non‐Negative Factor Model With Optimal Utilization of Error Estimates of Data Values.” Environmetrics 5: 111–126.<br />Pescatore, A., C. Grassi, A. M. Rizzo, S. Orlandini, and M. Napoli. 2022. “Effects of Biochar on Berseem Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum, L.) Growth and Heavy Metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) Accumulation.” Chemosphere 287: 131986.<br />Proshad, R., T. Kormoker, M. A. Al, M. S. Islam, S. Khadka, and A. M. Idris. 2022. “Receptor Model‐Based Source Apportionment and Ecological Risk of Metals in Sediments of an Urban River in Bangladesh.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 423: 127030.<br />Proshad, R., M. Uddin, A. M. Idris, and M. A. Al. 2022. “Receptor Model‐Oriented Sources and Risks Evaluation of Metals in Sediments of an Industrial Affected Riverine System in Bangladesh.” Science of the Total Environment 838: 156029.<br />Sun, W., E. Xiao, Y. Dong, et al. 2016. “Profiling Microbial Community in a Watershed Heavily Contaminated by an Active Antimony (Sb) Mine in Southwest China.” Science of the Total Environment 550: 297–308.<br />Sutherland, R. A. 2000. “Bed Sediment‐Associated Trace Metals in an Urban Stream, Oahu, Hawaii.” Environmental Geology 39: 611–627.<br />Upadhyay, V., A. Kumari, and S. Kumar. 2024. “From Soil to Health Hazards: Heavy Metals Contamination in Northern India and Health Risk Assessment.” Chemosphere 354: 141697.<br />Vu, C. T., C. Lin, C. C. Shern, G. Yeh, G. Le, and H. Tran. 2017. “Contamination, Ecological Risk and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Sediments and Water of a Contaminated River in Taiwan.” Ecological Indicators 82: 32–42.<br />Wang, J., J. Wu, S. Zhan, et al. 2021. “Spatial Enrichment Assessment, Source Identification and Health Risks of Potentially Toxic Elements in Surface Sediments, Central Asian Countries.” Journal of Soils and Sediments 21: 3906–3916.<br />Wang, L., Y. Wang, W. Zhang, C. Xu, and Z. An. 2014. “Multivariate Statistical Techniques for Evaluating and Identifying the Environmental Significance of Heavy Metal Contamination in Sediments of the Yangtze River, China.” Environmental Earth Sciences 71: 1183–1193.<br />Wang, Y., J. Zhang, Q. Yan, et al. 2025. “Spatial Distribution, Sediment–Water Partitioning, Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in the Golmud River–Dabson Salt Lake Ecosystem.” Environmental Research 268: 120792.<br />Zhang, J., X. Li, L. Guo, Z. Deng, D. Wang, and L. Liu. 2021. “Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution and Water Quality Characteristics of the Reservoir Control Reaches in the Middle Han River, China.” Science of the Total Environment 799: 149472.<br />Zhang, Y., B. Jiang, Z. Gao, et al. 2024. “Health Risk Assessment of Soil Heavy Metals in a Typical Mining Town in North China Based on Monte Carlo Simulation Coupled With Positive Matrix Factorization Model.” Environmental Research 251: 118696.<br />Zhou, H., Y. Chen, and L. Yang. 2023. “Identification and Hazard Analysis of Heavy Metal Sources in Agricultural Soils in Ancient Mining Areas: A Quantitative Method Based on the Receptor Model and Risk Assessment.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 445: 130528.<br />Zhou, H., X. Yue, Y. Chen, and Y. Liu. 2024. “Source‐Specific Probabilistic Contamination Risk and Health Risk Assessment of Soil Heavy Metals in a Typical Ancient Mining Area.” Science of the Total Environment 906: 167772.<br />Zuo, L., X. W. Lu, P. Fan, et al. 2022. “Concentrations, Sources and Ecological–Health Risks of Potentially Toxic Elements in Finer Road Dust From a Megacity in North China.” Journal of Cleaner Production 358: 132036.
– Name: GrantInfo
  Label: Grant Information
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  Data: 2024524031ky005 Qinghai Provincial Department of Science and Technology
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  Label: Contributed Indexing
  Group:
  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Qaidam Basin; heavy metal contamination; risk assessment; source apportionment; stream sediments
– Name: NumberCAS
  Label: Substance Nomenclature
  Group: ID
  Data: 0 (Metals, Heavy)<br />0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date(s)
  Group: Date
  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260928 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260928 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260930
– Name: DateUpdate
  Label: Update Code
  Group: Date
  Data: 20260930
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1002/wer.70596
– Name: AN
  Label: PMID
  Group: ID
  Data: 42805927
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42805927
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/wer.70596
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        StartPage: e70596
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: China
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Risk Assessment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Humans
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Environmental Monitoring
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Metals, Heavy analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Metals, Heavy chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Geologic Sediments chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rivers chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water Pollutants, Chemical chemistry
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Spatial Distribution, Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment, and Quantitative Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Stream Sediments of an Arid River, Qaidam Basin, NW China.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Zhao S
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Xue S
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: An S
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Ning H
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Wang J
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Ji B
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Duan J
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Wang Q
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Li S
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Wang G
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 10
              Text: 2026 Oct
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1554-7531
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 98
            – Type: issue
              Value: 10
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation
              Type: main
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