Academic Journal
View in EDS
Linked Full Text

Overview of ecological risk assessment of heavy metals with the approach of land uses affecting soil pollution.

Bibliographic Details
Title: Overview of ecological risk assessment of heavy metals with the approach of land uses affecting soil pollution.
Authors: Khalili M; Department of Environmental Planning, Management, and HSE, Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran., Nohegar A; Department of Disaster Engineering, Education, and Environmental Systems, Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. nohegar@ut.ac.ir., Nasrabadi T; Department of Environmental Planning, Management, and HSE, Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Source: Environmental geochemistry and health [Environ Geochem Health] 2026 Sep 27; Vol. 48 (15). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 27.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Systematic Review; Review
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8903118 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1573-2983 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 02694042 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Geochem Health Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: 1999- : Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers
Original Publication: Kew, Surrey : Science and Technology Letters, 1985-
MeSH Terms: Metals, Heavy*/analysis , Metals, Heavy*/toxicity , Soil Pollutants*/analysis , Soil Pollutants*/toxicity , Environmental Monitoring*/methods , Environmental Pollution*/analysis, Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Risk Assessment ; Iran
Abstract: Soil contamination with toxic elements is a major environmental concern. This study has attempted to provide an overall assessment of heavy metal (HM) pollution status in Iran's soil, particularly due to a lack of information on determining contamination levels across different land uses (LUs). A systematic review was utilized to extract manuscripts in which anthropogenic activities affect the HM level in soil. 195 papers were selected by March 2025. 10 HMs (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) within 9 LUs (industrial areas, mining areas, landfill areas, river sediments, roadside, agricultural areas, urban areas, coastal sediments, and wetland sediments) were analyzed for 7 soil pollution indices (CF (contamination factor), EF (enrichment factor), PLI (pollution load index), Eri (ecological risk), PERI (potential ecological risk index, RAC (risk assessment code), and Igeo (geoaccumulation index)). The impact of human activities was traced in all LUs, with smoother conditions for Mn and V in the CF mean calculation, Co, Ni, Mn, and V in the EF mean calculation, and Co, Cr, Mn, and V in the Igeo calculation. Low ecological risk was only recorded in wetland sediments (136.89), and PLI values fell within low pollution (PLI < 1) in wetland and river sediments with 0.837 and 0.856, respectively. RAC mean values for Cd (46%), Hg (46%), Mn (37%), Pb (34%), As (32%), and V (32%) were estimated to pose a high risk to the environment due to high potential for mobility. Eri mean value was only estimated with high ecological risk potential for Hg (in agricultural, roadside, coastal, and river sediments) and Cd (in roadside and industrial areas). By comparing the HM average concentration in all LUs, the industrial area was found to have the worst status. Some reported concentrations were up to around two orders of magnitude higher than corresponding ranges on a global scale. The output of this paper can help environmental planners establish strategies for optimal management of HM pollution in different LUs and pave the way for future research to have a more precise understanding of HM pollution levels in developing countries, specifically in the Middle East.
(© 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.The authors declare no competing interests. Ethical approval: The authors agree to ethical approval and understand its rules and content. Consent to participate: The authors of this manuscript are all aware of the journal to which the manuscript was, submitted. Consent for publication: This manuscript has not been published in other journals, and the authors agree to consent to publish.
References: Abbasi, S., Keshavarzi, B., Moore, F., Delshab, H., Soltani, N., & Sorooshian, A. (2017). Investigation of microrubbers, microplastics and heavy metals in street dust: A study in Bushehr city, Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76, 1–19. (PMID: 10.1007/s12665-017-7137-0)
Abdel Ghani, S. A., Shobier, A. H., & Shreadah, M. A. (2013). Assessment of arsenic and vanadium pollution in surface sediments of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management, 16(1–2), 82–101. (PMID: 10.1504/IJETM.2013.050673)
Abedi, A.-s, Hoseini, H., Mohammadi-Nasrabadi, F., Rostami, N., & Esfarjani, F. (2023). Consumer health risk assessment of arsenic and mercury in hen eggs through Monte Carlo simulations. BMC Public Health, 23(1), Article 1320. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16223-4. (PMID: 10.1186/s12889-023-16223-4)
Adewumi, A., & Ogundele, O. (2024). Hidden hazards in urban soils: A meta-analysis review of global heavy metal contamination (2010-2022), sources and its ecological and health consequences. Sustainable Environment, 10(1), Article 2293239. (PMID: 10.1080/27658511.2023.2293239)
Aghlidi, P. S., Cheraghi, M., Lorestani, B., Sobhanardakani, S., & Merrikhpour, H. (2020). Analysis, spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of arsenic and some heavy metals of agricultural soils, case study: South of Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 18(2), 665–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-020-00492-x. (PMID: 10.1007/s40201-020-00492-x)
Akhbarizadeh, R., Moore, F., Keshavarzi, B., & Moeinpour, A. (2017). Microplastics and potentially toxic elements in coastal sediments of Iran's main oil terminal (Khark Island). Environmental Pollution, 220, 720–731.
Akinleye, C., Adewumi, A., & Akinleye, R. (2022). A systematic review of ecological and human health risk associated with metals in soils around mining areas in Nigeria. Funksec Here, 4(1), 120–141.
Akpa, C., Nworie, C. D., Obasi, P. N., Omoruyi, N., & Ugbor, C. C. (2025). Assessment of the heavy metal induced environmental pollution in Abakaliki mining district using geochemical analysis of soils and stream sediments. International Journal of River Basin Management, 1–21.
Al-Mutairi, K. A., & Yap, C. K. (2021). A review of heavy metals in coastal surface sediments from the Red Sea: Health-ecological risk assessments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), Article 2798. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062798. (PMID: 10.3390/ijerph18062798)
Alghanimi, S. M. K., Chamani, A., Almusawi, A. N., & Tavabe, K. R. (2024). Potentially toxic elements risk assessment and source identification of an at-risk international wetland in SW Iran. Wetlands, 44(5), Article 63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-024-01817-4. (PMID: 10.1007/s13157-024-01817-4)
Aliabad, H. M., & Alimohammadi, S. (2025). Probabilistic health risk assessment of BTEX contamination in groundwater using the set of triplets methodology: A case study near Shiraz Oil Refinery, Iran. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 11(1), 1–20. (PMID: 10.1007/s40899-024-01184-2)
Angon, P. B., Islam, M. S., Kc, S., Das, A., Anjum, N., Poudel, A., & Suchi, S. A. (2024). Sources, effects and present perspectives of heavy metals contamination: Soil, plants and human food chain. Heliyon, 10(7), Article e28357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28357. (PMID: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28357)
Arienzo, M., Bravi, S., Toscanesi, M., Donadio, C., De Simone, G., Stanislao, C., Ferrara, L., Allocca, V., Giarra, A., & Trifuoggi, M. (2024). Heavy metals in surface sediments of Lake Patria wetland, southern Italy, and environmental risk. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 263, Article 107490. (PMID: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107490)
Ashayeri, N. Y., & Keshavarzi, B. (2019). Geochemical characteristics, partitioning, quantitative source apportionment, and ecological and health risk of heavy metals in sediments and water: A case study in Shadegan Wetland, Iran. Marine pollution bulletin, 149, 110495.
Balali, A., Gholami, S., Javanmardi, M., Valipour, A., & Yunusa-Kaltungo, A. (2023). Assessment of heavy metal pollution in the soil of a construction and demolition waste landfill. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 20, Article 100856. (PMID: 10.1016/j.enmm.2023.100856)
Balali-Mood, M., Naseri, K., Tahergorabi, Z., Khazdair, M. R., & Sadeghi, M. (2021). Toxic mechanisms of five heavy metals: Mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, Article 643972. (PMID: 10.3389/fphar.2021.643972)
Barde, B. G., Adeleye, A. O., Oladeji, A. A., & Duhu, Y. B. (2024). Heavy metals pollution and ecological risk assessment around artisanal gold mines in Zamfara, Nigeria. Environmental Analysis, Health and Toxicology, 39, Article e2024016. (PMID: 10.5620/eaht.2024016)
Barik, D., Rakhi Mol, K., Anand, G., Nandamol, P., Das, D., & Porel, M. (2025). Environmental pollutants such as endocrine disruptors/pesticides/reactive dyes and inorganic toxic compounds metals, radionuclides, and metalloids and their impact on the ecosystem. Biotechnology for environmental sustainability (pp. 391–442). Springer. (PMID: 10.1007/978-981-97-7221-6_15)
Bjørklund, G., Dadar, M., Mutter, J., & Aaseth, J. (2017). The toxicology of mercury: Current research and emerging trends. Environmental Research, 159, 545–554. (PMID: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.051)
Boudebbouz, A., Gueroui, Y., Boussadia, M. I., Zergui, A., Bousbia, A., & Boudalia, S. (2024). A systematic review of potential toxic elements contamination in coastal and freshwater sediments from Algeria over the past two decades. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 79, Article 103819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103819. (PMID: 10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103819)
Buxton, S., Garman, E., Heim, K. E., Lyons-Darden, T., Schlekat, C. E., Taylor, M. D., & Oller, A. R. (2019). Concise review of nickel human health toxicology and ecotoxicology. Inorganics, 7(7), 89. (PMID: 10.3390/inorganics7070089)
Chen, L., Wei, Q., Xu, G., Wei, M., & Chen, H. (2022). Contamination and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of Huangshui River, Northwest China. Journal of Chemistry, 2022(1), 4282992.
Chen, X., Huang, S., Xie, X., Zhu, M., Li, J., Wang, X., & Pu, L. (2020). Enrichment, source apportionment and health risk assessment of soil potentially harmful elements associated with different land use in coastal tidelands reclamation area, Eastern China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), Article 2822. (PMID: 10.3390/ijerph17082822)
Conway, J. H., & Ayele, R. A. (2013). Thimerosal and other vaccine additives. Vaccinophobia and Vaccine Controversies of the 21st Century, 213–233.
D’Emilio, M., Caggiano, R., Macchiato, M., Ragosta, M., & Sabia, S. (2013). Soil heavy metal contamination in an industrial area: Analysis of the data collected during a decade. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185, 5951–5964. (PMID: 10.1007/s10661-012-2997-y)
Dang, P., Gu, X., Lin, C., Xin, M., Zhang, H., Ouyang, W., Liu, X., He, M., & Wang, B. (2021). Distribution, sources, and ecological risks of potentially toxic elements in the Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea: Under the long-term impact of the Yellow River input. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 413, Article 125429. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125429)
Datta, K., Chakraborty, S., & Roychoudhury, A. (2025). Management of soil, waste and water in the context of global climate change. Environmental nexus for resource management (pp. 1–26). CRC Press.
Dehghan Manshadi, Z., Parivar, P., Sotoudeh, A., & Morovati Sharifabadi, A. (2024). Modeling urban growth effects on carrying capacity in arid and semi-arid regions using system dynamics. Ecological Modelling, 487, Article 110565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110565. (PMID: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110565)
Dehghani, S., Moore, F., Keshavarzi, B., & Hale, B. A. (2017). Health risk implications of potentially toxic metals in street dust and surface soil of Tehran, Iran. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 136, 92–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.10.037.
Doabi, S. A., Afyuni, M., & Karami, M. (2017). Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metals contamination in atmospheric dust of Kermanshah province, western Iran, during the spring and summer 2013. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 180, 61–70. (PMID: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2017.06.007)
Enjavinejad, S. M., Zahedifar, M., Moosavi, A. A., & Khosravani, P. (2024). Integrated application of multiple indicators and geographic information system-based approaches for comprehensive assessment of environmental impacts of toxic metals-contaminated agricultural soils and vegetables. Science of the Total Environment, 926, Article Article 171747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171747. (PMID: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171747)
Faraji, M., Alizadeh, I., Conti, G. O., & Mohammadi, A. (2023). Investigation of health and ecological risk attributed to the soil heavy metals in Iran: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 857, Article 158925. (PMID: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158925)
Fernández-Martínez, R., Corrochano, N., Álvarez-Quintana, J., Ordóñez, A., Álvarez, R., & Rucandio, I. (2024). Assessment of the ecological risk and mobility of arsenic and heavy metals in soils and mine tailings from the Carmina mine site (Asturias, NW Spain). Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 46(3), 90. (PMID: 10.1007/s10653-023-01848-6)
Frimpong, S. K., & Koranteng, S. S. (2019). Levels and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in surface soil of public parks in Southern Ghana. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191, 1–14. (PMID: 10.1007/s10661-019-7745-0)
Galea, K. S., Porras, S. P., Viegas, S., Bocca, B., Bousoumah, R., Duca, R. C., Godderis, L., Iavicoli, I., Janasik, B., & Jones, K. (2021). HBM4EU chromates study-reflection and lessons learnt from designing and undertaking a collaborative European biomonitoring study on occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 234, Article 113725. (PMID: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113725)
Galitskova, Y. M., & Murzayeva, A. I. (2016). Urban soil contamination. Procedia Engineering, 153, 162–166. (PMID: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.097)
Genchi, G., Carocci, A., Lauria, G., Sinicropi, M. S., & Catalano, A. (2020a). Nickel: Human health and environmental toxicology. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 679. (PMID: 10.3390/ijerph17030679)
Genchi, G., Sinicropi, M. S., Lauria, G., Carocci, A., & Catalano, A. (2020b). The effects of cadmium toxicity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3782. (PMID: 10.3390/ijerph17113782)
Ghaedrahmat, Z., Almasi, H., Akhbarizadeh, R., & Ahmadi, M. (2022). Assessment of Heavy Metals in Road Dust of Behbahan City, Iran: Distribution, Sources and Health Risks. ssu-jehsd, 7(2), 1632. https://doi.org/10.18502/jehsd.v7i2.9787.
Ghanavati, N., Nazarpour, A., & De Vivo, B. (2019). Ecological and human health risk assessment of toxic metals in street dusts and surface soils in Ahvaz, Iran. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 41(2), 875–891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0184-y. (PMID: 10.1007/s10653-018-0184-y)
Gogoi, N., Sarma, A., Choudhury, M., Samanta, P., Faizan, M., & Sadhak, S. (2024). Soil heavy metal pollution and ecological risk assessment in disturbed and undisturbed soil of Morigaon, Assam. Discover Environment, 2(1), Article 13. (PMID: 10.1007/s44274-024-00039-z)
Goncharov, G., Soktoev, B., Farkhutdinov, I., & Matveenko, I. (2024). Heavy metals in urban soil: Contamination levels, spatial distribution and human health risk assessment (the case of Ufa city, Russia). Environmental Research, 257, Article 119216. (PMID: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119216)
González, N., Esplugas, R., Marquès, M., & Domingo, J. L. (2021). Concentrations of arsenic and vanadium in environmental and biological samples collected in the neighborhood of petrochemical industries: A review of the scientific literature. Science of the Total Environment, 771, Article 145149. (PMID: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145149)
Grattacaso, M., Canali, G., Vannini, A., Protano, G., Nannoni, F., De Lucia, V., Lella, L. A. D., Biagiotti, S., & Loppi, S. (2025). Health and ecological risk from potentially toxic elements in soils and extra virgin olive oils from Valdichiana Senese, Tuscany (Italy). Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.202400312. (PMID: 10.1002/jpln.202400312)
Guagliardi, I., Cicchella, D., De Rosa, R., Ricca, N., & Buttafuoco, G. (2018). Geochemical sources of vanadium in soils: Evidences in a southern Italy area. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 184, 358–364. (PMID: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.11.017)
Gunarathne, V., Phillips, A. J., Zanoletti, A., Rajapaksha, A. U., Vithanage, M., Di Maria, F., Pivato, A., Korzeniewska, E., & Bontempi, E. (2024). Environmental pitfalls and associated human health risks and ecological impacts from landfill leachate contaminants: Current evidence, recommended interventions and future directions. Science of the Total Environment, 912, Article 169026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169026. (PMID: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169026)
Guo, G., Li, K., & Lei, M. (2022). Accumulation, environmental risk characteristics and associated driving mechanisms of potential toxicity elements in roadside soils across China. Science of the Total Environment, 835, Article 155342. (PMID: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155342)
Gupta, D., Shukla, R., & Kumar Mishra, V. (2024). Heavy metal distribution, fractionation, metal pollution and environmental risk assessment in surface sediment of Narmada River, India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 1–22.
Gworek, B., Dmuchowski, W., & Baczewska-Dąbrowska, A. H. (2020). Mercury in the terrestrial environment: A review. Environmental Sciences Europe, 32(1), 128. (PMID: 10.1186/s12302-020-00401-x)
Hamid, E., Payandeh, K., Nezhad, M. T. K., & Saadati, N. (2022). Potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals (trace elements) in coastal soils of southwest Iran. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, Article 889130. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.889130. (PMID: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.889130)
Han, Y., & Gu, X. (2023). Enrichment, contamination, ecological and health risks of toxic metals in agricultural soils of an industrial city, Northwestern China. Journal of Trace Elements Miner, 3, 100043.
Haque, M. M., Sultana, S., Niloy, N. M., Quraishi, S. B., & Tareq, S. M. (2022). Source apportionment, ecological, and human health risks of toxic metals in road dust of densely populated capital and connected major highway of Bangladesh. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(25), 37218–37233. (PMID: 10.1007/s11356-021-18458-3)
Hou, D. (2023). Soil health and ecosystem services (Vol. Vol. 39, pp. 1259–1266). Wiley Online Library.
Hou, D., Jia, X., Wang, L., McGrath, S. P., Zhu, Y.-G., Hu, Q., Zhao, F.-J., Bank, M. S., O’Connor, D., & Nriagu, J. (2025). Global soil pollution by toxic metals threatens agriculture and human health. Science, 388(6744), 316–321. (PMID: 10.1126/science.adr5214)
Houessionon, M. K., Ouendo, E.-M., Bouland, C., Takyi, S. A., Kedote, N. M., Fayomi, B., Fobil, J. N., & Basu, N. (2021). Environmental heavy metal contamination from electronic waste (e-waste) recycling activities worldwide: A systematic review from 2005 to 2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), Article 3517. (PMID: 10.3390/ijerph18073517)
Hu, C., Hu, T., & Liang, L. (2024). Spatial variation and potential ecological risk assessment of trace elements in the sediments of Chaohu Lake in China. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 39(1), Article 2294129. (PMID: 10.1080/02705060.2023.2294129)
Hui, X., Sheikh Asadi, A. M., Fakhri, Y., Mehri, F., Limam, I., & Thai, V. N. (2023). Potential toxic elements in costal sediment of the Persian Gulf: A systematic review-meta-analysis, non-dietary risk assessment and ecological risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 30(24), 64891–64903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26949-8. (PMID: 10.1007/s11356-023-26949-8)
Islam, M. S., Ismail, Z., Jamal, M. H., Ibrahim, Z., Jumain, M., Islam, A. R. M. T., Kabir, M. H., Asraful Islam, S. M., Ahmed, S., & Phoungthong, K. (2022). Heavy metals from different land use soil in the capital of ancient Pundranagar, Bangladesh: A preliminary study for ecological risk assessment. Chemistry and Ecology, 38(8), 720–743. (PMID: 10.1080/02757540.2022.2100360)
Jafarabadi, A. R., Bakhtiyari, A. R., Toosi, A. S., & Jadot, C. (2017). Spatial distribution, ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metals in marine surface sediments and coastal seawaters of fringing coral reefs of the Persian Gulf, Iran. Chemosphere, 185, 1090–1111.
Jahandari, A., & Abbasnejad, B. (2024). Environmental pollution status and health risk assessment of selective heavy metal (oid)s in Iran’s agricultural soils: A review. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 256, Article 107330. (PMID: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2023.107330)
Jiang, M., Wang, K., Wang, Y., Zhao, Q., & Wang, W. (2022). Technologies for the cobalt-contaminated soil remediation: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 813, Article 151908. (PMID: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151908)
Kabir, M. H., Kormoker, T., Shammi, R. S., Tusher, T. R., Islam, M. S., Khan, R., Omor, M. Z. U., Sarker, M. E., Yeasmin, M., & Idris, A. M. (2022). A comprehensive assessment of heavy metal contamination in road dusts along a hectic national highway of Bangladesh: Spatial distribution, sources of contamination, ecological and human health risks. Toxin Reviews, 41(3), 860–879. (PMID: 10.1080/15569543.2021.1952436)
Kachoueiyan, F., Karbassi, A., Nasrabadi, T., Rashidiyan, M., & De-la-Torre, G. E. (2024). Speciation characteristics, ecological risk assessment, and source apportionment of heavy metals in the surface sediments of the Gomishan wetland. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 198, Article 115835. (PMID: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115835)
Kamani, H., Mahvi, A., Seyedsalehi, M., Jaafari, J., Hoseini, M., Safari, G., Dalvand, A., Aslani, H., Mirzaei, N., & Ashrafi, S. (2017). Contamination and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in street dust of Tehran, Iran. International journal of environmental science and technology, 14, 2675–2682.
Karimi, A., Naghizadeh, A., Biglari, H., Peirovi, R., Ghasemi, A., & Zarei, A. (2020). Assessment of human health risks and pollution index for heavy metals in farmlands irrigated by effluents of stabilization ponds. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 10317–10327.
Kashefighasemabadi, A., Karbassi, A., Tabatabaee, M., & Dehabadi, A. (2019). Development of soil pollution risk index in the vicinity of a waste dam in Chadormalu iron ore mine. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(12), 8485–8494. (PMID: 10.1007/s13762-019-02330-6)
Kasperczyk, E., Tarhonska, K., & Jablonska, E. (2025). Epigenetic changes induced by carcinogenic agents or occupational exposure with sufficient evidence for bladder cancer. Cancer Prevention Research. https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-24-0450. (PMID: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-24-0450)
Keshavarzi, A., & Kumar, V. (2020). Spatial distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils of Northeastern Iran. Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes, 4(2), 87–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2019.1587588. (PMID: 10.1080/24749508.2019.1587588)
Khalili, M., & Nasrabadi, T. (2023). Assessment of occupational health risk due to inhalation of chemical compounds in an aircraft maintenance, repair, and overhaul company. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(20), 57558–57570. (PMID: 10.1007/s11356-023-26572-7)
Khotimah, N. N., Rozirwan, R., Putri, W. A. E., Fauziyah, F., Aryawati, R., Isnaini, I., & Nugroho, R. Y. (2024). Bioaccumulation and ecological risk assessment of heavy metal contamination (Lead and Copper) build up in the roots of Avicennia alba and Excoecaria agallocha. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 25(5).
Kravchenko, E., Minkina, T., Mandzhieva, S., Bauer, T., Lacynnik, E., Wong, M. H., & Nazarenko, O. (2025). Ecological and health risk assessments of heavy metal contamination in soils surrounding a coal power plant. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 484, Article 136751. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136751)
Kulshreshtha, D., Ganguly, J., & Jog, M. (2021). Manganese and movement disorders: A review. Journal of Movement Disorders, 14(2), 93. (PMID: 10.14802/jmd.20123)
Kumar, N., Chandan, N. K., Bhushan, S., Singh, D. K., & Kumar, S. (2023). Health risk assessment and metal contamination in fish, water and soil sediments in the East Kolkata Wetlands, India, Ramsar site. Scientific Reports, 13(1), Article 1546. (PMID: 10.1038/s41598-023-28801-y)
Kumar, V., S, H., Huligowda, L. K. D., Umesh, M., Chakraborty, P., Thazeem, B., & Singh, A. P. (2025). Environmental pollutants as emerging concerns for cardiac diseases: A review on their impacts on cardiac health. Biomedicines, 13(1), Article 241. (PMID: 10.3390/biomedicines13010241)
Kumar, V., Sharma, A., Kaur, P., Sidhu, G. P. S., Bali, A. S., Bhardwaj, R., Thukral, A. K., & Cerda, A. (2019). Pollution assessment of heavy metals in soils of India and ecological risk assessment: A state-of-the-art. Chemosphere, 216, 449–462. (PMID: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.066)
Lal, R., Bouma, J., Brevik, E., Dawson, L., Field, D. J., Glaser, B., Hatano, R., Hartemink, A. E., Kosaki, T., & Lascelles, B. (2021). Soils and sustainable development goals of the United Nations: An International Union of Soil Sciences perspective. Geoderma Regional, 25, Article e00398. (PMID: 10.1016/j.geodrs.2021.e00398)
Liu, L., Li, Y., Gu, X., Tulcan, R. X. S., Yan, L., Lin, C., & Pan, J. (2025). Priority sources identification and risks assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soils of a typical antimony mining watershed. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 147, 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2023.11.007. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.11.007)
Luo, F., Zhang, F., Zhang, W., Huang, Q., & Tang, X. (2024). Distribution, ecological risk, and source identification of heavy metal (loid) s in sediments of a headwater of Beijiang river affected by mining in southern China. Toxics, 12(2), 117. (PMID: 10.3390/toxics12020117)
Madadi, R., Mejjad, N., & De-la-Torre, G. E. (2023). Geochemical speciation, ecological risk, and source identification of heavy metal(loid)s in sediments and waters from Musa Estuary, Persian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 190, Article Article 114836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114836. (PMID: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114836)
Mahmudiono, T., Hoseinvandtabar, S., Mehri, F., Borzoei, M., Heidarinejad, Z., Nakoozadeh, M. A., Daraei, H., Atamaleki, A., Fakhri, Y., & Khaneghah, A. M. (2024). Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in coastal sediments of Bandar Abbas city, north of Persian Gulf: An ecological risk assessment. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 34(3), 1255–1269. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2023.2173154. (PMID: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2173154)
Mai, N. T., Thi Tham, T., Thuy, H. N. T., Thi, H. K., Lien, N. T. H., Nghia, N. T., Hang, P. T. T., Toan, V. D., Tap, V. H., & Van Thang, D. (2024). Residual, sequential extraction, and ecological risk assessment of some metals in ash from municipal solid waste incineration, Vietnam. Green Processing and Synthesis, 13(1), Article Article 20230234. (PMID: 10.1515/gps-2023-0234)
Mansouri Moghadam, S., Payandeh, K., Koushafar, A., Goosheh, M., & Mohammadi Rouzbahani, M. (2024). Level of heavy metals and environmental pollution index in Ahvaz, southwest Iran. Scientific Reports, 14(1), Article 14754. (PMID: 10.1038/s41598-024-64192-4)
Martínez-Castillo, M., García-Montalvo, E. A., Arellano-Mendoza, M. G., Sánchez-Peña, L. C., Soria Jasso, L. E., Izquierdo-Vega, J. A., Valenzuela, O. L., & Hernández-Zavala, A. (2021). Arsenic exposure and non-carcinogenic health effects. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 40(12_suppl), S826–S850. (PMID: 10.1177/09603271211045955)
Meuser, H., & Meuser, H. (2010). Causes of soil contamination in the urban environment. Contaminated Urban Soils, 29–94.
Mirzaei Aminiyan, M., Baalousha, M., Mousavi, R., Mirzaei Aminiyan, F., Hosseini, H., & Heydariyan, A. (2018). The ecological risk, source identification, and pollution assessment of heavy metals in road dust: A case study in Rafsanjan, SE Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 13382–13395. (PMID: 10.1007/s11356-017-8539-y)
Mitra, S., Chakraborty, A. J., Tareq, A. M., Emran, T. B., Nainu, F., Khusro, A., Idris, A. M., Khandaker, M. U., Osman, H., & Alhumaydhi, F. A. (2022). Impact of heavy metals on the environment and human health: Novel therapeutic insights to counter the toxicity. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 34(3), Article 101865. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jksus.2022.101865)
Modabberi, S., & Moore, F. (2004). Environmental geochemistry of Zarshuran Au-As deposit, NW Iran. Environmental Geology, 46(6), 796–807. (PMID: 10.1007/s00254-004-1065-5)
Moghimi Dehkordi, M., Pournuroz Nodeh, Z., Soleimani Dehkordi, K., salmanvandi, H., Rasouli Khorjestan, R., & Ghaffarzadeh, M. (2024). Soil, air, and water pollution from mining and industrial activities: Sources of pollution, environmental impacts, and prevention and control methods. Results in Engineering, 23, Article 102729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102729. (PMID: 10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102729)
Mohammadi, M. J., Farhadi, M., Ghanbari, S., Asban, P., Kiani, F., Taherian, M., & Mir, I. (2023). Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in urban dust in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Toxicology Reports, 11, 471–480. (PMID: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.11.007)
Mohammadyan, M., Moosazadeh, M., Khanjani, N., & Rahimi Moghadam, S. (2019). Quantitative and semi-quantitative risk assessment of occupational exposure to lead among electrical solderers in Neyshabur, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 31207–31214. (PMID: 10.1007/s11356-019-06220-9)
Mostafa, M. T., El-Nady, H., Gomaa, R. M., Abdelgawad, H. F., Abdelhafiz, M. A., Salman, S. A. E., & Khalifa, I. H. (2024). Urban geochemistry of heavy metals in road dust from Cairo megacity, Egypt: Enrichment, sources, contamination, and health risks. Environmental Earth Sciences, 83(1), Article 37. (PMID: 10.1007/s12665-023-11342-y)
Nabi, A. (2025). Immunological and biochemical investigations in human arsenic toxicity. University of Dhaka.
Njagi, J. M., Akunga, D. N., Njagi, M. M., Ngugi, M. P., & Njagi, E. M. (2016). Heavy metal pollution of the environment by dumpsites: A case of Kadhodeki Dumpsite. Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res, 2(2), 191–197.
Ogunlana, R., Korode, A., & Ajibade, Z. (2020). Assessing the level of heavy metals concentration in soil around transformer at Akoko community of OndoState, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 24(12), 2183–2189. (PMID: 10.4314/jasem.v24i12.26)
Ogwu, M. C., Izah, S. C., Sawyer, W. E., & Amabie, T. (2025). Environmental risk assessment of trace metal pollution: A statistical perspective. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 47(4), 94. (PMID: 10.1007/s10653-025-02405-z)
Okafor, V. N., Omokpariola, D. O., Tabugbo, B. I., & Okoliko, G. F. (2024). Ecological and health risk assessments of heavy metals in surface water sediments from Ifite Ogwari community in Southeastern Nigeria. Discover Environment, 2(1), Article 93. (PMID: 10.1007/s44274-024-00098-2)
Oruko, R. O., Edokpayi, J. N., Msagati, T. A., Tavengwa, N. T., Ogola, H. J., Ijoma, G., & Odiyo, J. O. (2021). Investigating the chromium status, heavy metal contamination, and ecological risk assessment via tannery waste disposal in sub-Saharan Africa (Kenya and South Africa). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 42135–42149. (PMID: 10.1007/s11356-021-13703-1)
Osobamiro, T. M., Awolesi, O., Alabi, O. M., Oshinowo, A. Y., Idris, M. A., & Busari, F. A. (2019). Heavy metal levels of soil samples collected from a major industrial area in Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 9(8), Article p92125. (PMID: 10.29322/IJSRP.9.08.2019.p92125)
Oyekunle, F., Ogunsusi, S., Aiyewalehinmi, E., & Amoko, K. (2025). Assessment of occupational health and safety risks in selected construction sites in oyo state, Nigeria. International Journal of Engineering and Applied Physics, 5(1), 1152–1167.
Patel, K. S., Pandey, P. K., Martín-Ramos, P., Corns, W. T., Varol, S., Bhattacharya, P., & Zhu, Y. (2023). A review on arsenic in the environment: Contamination, mobility, sources, and exposure. RSC Advances, 13(13), 8803–8821. (PMID: 10.1039/D3RA00789H)
Peres, T. V., Schettinger, M. R. C., Chen, P., Carvalho, F., Avila, D. S., Bowman, A. B., & Aschner, M. (2016). Manganese-induced neurotoxicity: A review of its behavioral consequences and neuroprotective strategies. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology, 17, 1–20. (PMID: 10.1186/s40360-016-0099-0)
Qi, C., Xu, M., Liu, J., Li, C., Yang, B., Jin, Z., Liang, S., & Guo, B. (2024). Source analysis and contribution estimation of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils in an industrial town in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Minerals, 14(3), Article 279. (PMID: 10.3390/min14030279)
Qi, L., Chen, M., Ge, X., Zhang, Y., & Guo, B. (2016). Seasonal variations and sources of 17 aerosol metal elements in suburban Nanjing, China. Atmosphere, 7(12), Article 153. (PMID: 10.3390/atmos7120153)
Raj, D., Abhiroop, C., & Maiti, S. K. (2017). Ecological risk assessment of mercury and other heavy metals in soils of coal mining area: A case study from the eastern part of a Jharia coal field, India. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 23(4), 767–787. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2016.1278519. (PMID: 10.1080/10807039.2016.1278519)
Rani, A. J., & Kumar, A. (2018). Manganese: Affecting our environment (water, soil and vegetables). International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology, 4(8), 1–10.
Rashidifard, R., Loghmani, M., & Sharifian, S. (2025). Seasonal and Spatial Dynamics of Heavy Metal Contamination in Port-Adjacent Mangrove Sediments Along the Iranian Coast of Oman Sea: A Multi-Index Risk Assessment. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 1–15.
Rashmi, I., Roy, T., Kartika, K., Pal, R., Coumar, V., Kala, S., & Shinoji, K. (2020). Organic and inorganic fertilizer contaminants in agriculture: Impact on soil and water resources. Contaminants in Agriculture: Sources, Impacts and Management, 3–41.
Rastegari Mehr, M., Shakeri, A., Amjadian, K., Khalilzadeh Poshtegal, M., & Sharifi, R. (2021). Bioavailability, distribution and health risk assessment of arsenic and heavy metals (HMs) in agricultural soils of Kermanshah Province, west of Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 19, 107–120. (PMID: 10.1007/s40201-020-00585-7)
Rizwan, M., Usman, K., & Alsafran, M. (2024). Ecological impacts and potential hazards of nickel on soil microbes, plants, and human health. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142028. (PMID: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142028)
Saeedi, M., Li, L. Y., & Salmanzadeh, M. (2012). Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Pollution and ecological risk assessment in street dust of Tehran. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 227, 9–17. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.047)
Saleem, M., Pierce, D., Wang, Y., Sens, D. A., Somji, S., & Garrett, S. H. (2024). Heavy metal (oid) s contamination and potential ecological risk assessment in agricultural soils. Journal of Xenobiotics, 14(2), 634–650. (PMID: 10.3390/jox14020037)
Sarkhosh, M., Najafpoor, A. A., & Rahdar, S. (2024). Evaluation of health risk and heavy metal pollution caused by dust storms in Zabol City. Biological Trace Element Research, 1–10.
Selahvarzi, M., Ardakani, S. S., Hemmasi, A. H., Taghavi, L., & Ghoddousi, J. (2024). Analysis, spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface soils, the case of Khorramabad, Iran. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 104(20), 8955–8976. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2023.2217749. (PMID: 10.1080/03067319.2023.2217749)
Shakya, S., Baral, S., Belbase, P., Siddique, M. N. E. A., Samoh, A. N. H., Das, B., Shrestha, P. K., & Shakya, P. R. (2019). Determination and contamination assessment of heavy metals in street dust from different types of land-use in Kathmandu District, Nepal. Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 24(1), 6–18. (PMID: 10.3126/jist.v24i1.24622)
Sharma, C., Kamle, M., & Kumar, P. (2023). Applications of nanoparticles and nanomaterials in bioremediation for environmental safety: An overview.
Shojaee Barjoee, S., Azizi, M., Khaledi, A., Kouhkan, M., Soltani, M., & Farokhi, H. (2023). Street dust-bound metal (loid) s in industrial areas of Iran: Moran’s spatial autocorrelation distribution, eco-toxicological risk assessment, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20(8), 8509–8536. (PMID: 10.1007/s13762-023-05021-5)
Siddig, M. M., Asabere, S. B., Al-Farraj, A. S., Brevik, E. C., & Sauer, D. (2025). Pollution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in anthropogenically-affected soils of Sudan: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100601. (PMID: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100601)
Singh, S., Kumar, S., Harshavarthini, M., Kumar, P. V., Poojary, N., Brahmane, M. P., Jaiswar, A. K., Ghode, G. S., Bhatkar, V., & Nagpure, N. (2025). Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in varied matrices of coastal environment of Maharashtra, India, and their effects on forked venus clam, Gafrarium divaricatum (Gmelin, 1791). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 213, Article 117644. (PMID: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117644)
Sirani, M., Afzali, K., Jahan, S., Strezov, V., & Soleimani-Sardo, M. (2020). Pollution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in the sediments of Jazmurian playa in southeast. Iran. Science Report, 10, 4775.
Sobariu, D. L., Fertu, D. I. T., Diaconu, M., Pavel, L. V., Hlihor, R.-M., Drăgoi, E. N., Curteanu, S., Lenz, M., Corvini, P.-X., & Gavrilescu, M. (2017). Rhizobacteria and plant symbiosis in heavy metal uptake and its implications for soil bioremediation. New Biotechnology, 39, 125–134. (PMID: 10.1016/j.nbt.2016.09.002)
Soodmand, A., Ebrahimi, S., & Kiani, F. (2025). Monitoring and assessment of contamination and ecological risk of heavy metals in Hezarpich surface soils. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 22(2), 773–786. (PMID: 10.1007/s13762-024-05852-w)
SQGHH, P., & Provisional, S. (1997). Canadian soil quality guidelines for the protection of environmental and human health.
Taati, A., Salehi, M. H., Mohammadi, J., Mohajer, R., & Díez, S. (2020). Pollution assessment and spatial distribution of trace elements in soils of Arak industrial area, Iran: Implications for human health. Environmental Research, 187, Article 109577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109577. (PMID: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109577)
Taghavi, M., Darvishiyan, M., Momeni, M., Eslami, H., Fallahzadeh, R. A., & Zarei, A. (2023). Ecological risk assessment of trace elements (TEs) pollution and human health risk exposure in agricultural soils used for saffron cultivation. Scientific Reports, 13(1), Article 4556. (PMID: 10.1038/s41598-023-31681-x)
Tahmasebi, P., Taheri, M., & Gharaie, M. H. M. (2020). Heavy metal pollution associated with mining activity in the Kouh-e Zar region, NE Iran. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 79(2), 1113–1123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01574-3. (PMID: 10.1007/s10064-019-01574-3)
Tang, S., Wang, C., Song, J., Ihenetu, S. C., & Li, G. (2024). Advances in studies on heavy metals in urban soil: A bibliometric analysis. Sustainability, 16(2), 860. (PMID: 10.3390/su16020860)
Tang, Z.-e, Deng, R.-J., Zhang, J., Ren, B.-Z., & Hursthouse, A. (2020). Regional distribution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metal pollution of different land use in an antimony mining area–Xikuangshan, China. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1608423. (PMID: 10.1080/10807039.2019.1608423)
Teng, Y., Ni, S., Zhang, C., Wang, J., Lin, X., & Huang, Y. (2006). Environmental geochemistry and ecological risk of vanadium pollution in Panzhihua mining and smelting area, Sichuan, China. Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 25, 379–385. (PMID: 10.1007/s11631-006-0378-3)
Thabet, W. M., Moneer, A. A., Abdelwahab, O., Ahdy, H. H., Khedawy, M., & Shabaan, N. A. (2024). Ecological risk assessment of metal pollution in the surface sediments of delta region, Egypt. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196(4), Article 351. (PMID: 10.1007/s10661-024-12481-w)
Tian, S., Wang, S., Bai, X., Zhou, D., Luo, G., Yang, Y., Hu, Z., Li, C., Deng, Y., & Lu, Q. (2020). Ecological security and health risk assessment of soil heavy metals on a village-level scale, based on different land use types. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 42, 3393–3413. (PMID: 10.1007/s10653-020-00583-6)
Trujillo-González, J. M., Torres-Mora, M. A., Jiménez-Ballesta, R., & Zhang, J. (2019). Land-use-dependent spatial variation and exposure risk of heavy metals in road-deposited sediment in Villavicencio, Colombia. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 41, 667–679. (PMID: 10.1007/s10653-018-0160-6)
Vaezi, A., Karbassi, A., Valavi, S., & Ganjali, M. (2015). Ecological risk assessment of metals contamination in the sediment of the Bamdezh wetland, Iran. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12, 951–958. (PMID: 10.1007/s13762-014-0710-0)
Vasseghian, Y., Rad, S. S., Vilas–Boas, J. A., & Khataee, A. (2021). A global systematic review, meta-analysis, and risk assessment of the concentration of vanadium in drinking water resources. Chemosphere, 267, Article 128904. (PMID: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128904)
Wang, J., Wang, B., Zhao, Q., Cao, J., Xiao, X., Zhao, D., Chen, Z., & Wu, D. (2025). Sources analysis and risk assessment of heavy metals in soil in a polymetallic mining area in southeastern Hubei based on Monte Carlo simulation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 290, Article 117607. (PMID: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117607)
Wu, Q., Wang, S., Wang, L., Liu, F., Lin, C.-J., Zhang, L., & Wang, F. (2014). Spatial distribution and accumulation of Hg in soil surrounding a Zn/Pb smelter. Science of the Total Environment, 496, 668–677. (PMID: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.067)
Wu, Y.-S., Fang, G.-C., Lee, W.-J., Lee, J.-F., Chang, C.-C., & Lee, C.-Z. (2007). A review of atmospheric fine particulate matter and its associated trace metal pollutants in Asian countries during the period 1995–2005. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 143(1–2), 511–515. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.066)
Wu, Y.-S., Osman, A. I., Hosny, M., Elgarahy, A. M., Eltaweil, A. S., Rooney, D. W., Chen, Z., Rahim, N. S., Sekar, M., & Gopinath, S. C. (2024). The toxicity of mercury and its chemical compounds: Molecular mechanisms and environmental and human health implications: A comprehensive review. ACS Omega, 9(5), 5100–5126. (PMID: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07047)
Xia, F., Zhao, Z., Niu, X., & Wang, Z. (2024). Integrated pollution analysis, pollution area identification and source apportionment of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 465, Article 133215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133215. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133215)
Xiang, Q., Yu, H., Chu, H., Hu, M., Xu, T., Xu, X., & He, Z. (2022). The potential ecological risk assessment of soil heavy metals using self-organizing map. Science of the Total Environment, 843, Article 156978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156978. (PMID: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156978)
Yaashikaa, P., Kumar, P. S., Jeevanantham, S., & Saravanan, R. (2022). A review on bioremediation approach for heavy metal detoxification and accumulation in plants. Environmental Pollution, 301, Article 119035. (PMID: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119035)
Yaghoubi, S. Z., Hosseini, S. A., Bidhendi, G. N., & Sharafati, A. (2022). Assessment of heavy metals in contaminated soils of urban parks in Tehran, Iran. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 19(12), 12303–12314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04454-8. (PMID: 10.1007/s13762-022-04454-8)
Yahaya, S. M., Abubakar, F., & Abdu, N. (2021). Ecological risk assessment of heavy metal-contaminated soils of selected villages in Zamfara State, Nigeria. SN Applied Sciences, 3(2), Article 168. (PMID: 10.1007/s42452-021-04175-6)
Yatera, K., Morimoto, Y., Ueno, S., Noguchi, S., Kawaguchi, T., Tanaka, F., Suzuki, H., & Higashi, T. (2018). Cancer risks of hexavalent chromium in the respiratory tract. Journal of UOEH, 40(2), 157–172. (PMID: 10.7888/juoeh.40.157)
Yu, F., Wang, P., & Lv, H. (2025). Considering the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of heavy metals for risk assessment of street dust by typical transportation cities in China. Microchemical Journal, 208, Article 112264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2024.112264. (PMID: 10.1016/j.microc.2024.112264)
Zeng, Y., Bi, C., Jia, J., Deng, L., & Chen, Z. (2020). Impact of intensive land use on heavy metal concentrations and ecological risks in an urbanized river network of Shanghai. Ecological Indicators, 116, Article 106501. (PMID: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106501)
Zhao, L., Islam, R., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., & Liu, L.-Z. (2022). Epigenetic regulation in chromium-, nickel-and cadmium-induced carcinogenesis. Cancers, 14(23), Article 5768. (PMID: 10.3390/cancers14235768)
Zhou, Y., Du, S., Liu, Y., Yang, T., Liu, Y., Li, Y., & Zhang, L. (2024). Source identification and risk assessment of trace metals in surface sediment of China sea by combining APCA-MLR receptor model and lead isotope analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 465, Article 133310. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133310)
Zulaikhah, S. T., Wahyuwibowo, J., & Pratama, A. A. (2020). Mercury and its effect on human health: A review of the literature. International Journal of Public Health Science, 9(2), 103–114. (PMID: 10.11591/ijphs.v9i2.20416)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Ecological risk assessment; Heavy metals; Land use; Soil pollution
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Metals, Heavy)
0 (Soil Pollutants)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260927 Date Completed: 20260927 Latest Revision: 20261005
Update Code: 20261005
DOI: 10.1007/s10653-026-03482-4
PMID: 42801376
Database: MEDLINE
FullText Links:
  – Type: other
    Url: https://resolver.ebsco.com:443/public/rma-ftfapi/ejs/direct?AccessToken=4D29B727AA2FEFE2B9E5&Show=Object
Text:
  Availability: 0
CustomLinks:
  – Url: https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1007/s10653-026-03482-4
    Name: EDS - Springer Nature Journals (s7799221)
    Category: fullText
    Text: View record at Springer
Header DbId: cmedm
DbLabel: MEDLINE
An: 42801376
AccessLevel: 3
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Overview of ecological risk assessment of heavy metals with the approach of land uses affecting soil pollution.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Khalili+M%22&quot;&gt;Khalili M&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Environmental Planning, Management, and HSE, Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Nohegar+A%22&quot;&gt;Nohegar A&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Disaster Engineering, Education, and Environmental Systems, Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. nohegar@ut.ac.ir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Nasrabadi+T%22&quot;&gt;Nasrabadi T&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Environmental Planning, Management, and HSE, Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%228903118%22&quot;&gt;Environmental geochemistry and health&lt;/searchLink&gt; [Environ Geochem Health] 2026 Sep 27; Vol. 48 (15). &lt;i&gt;Date of Electronic Publication: &lt;/i&gt;2026 Sep 27.
– Name: TypePub
  Label: Publication Type
  Group: TypPub
  Data: Journal Article; Systematic Review; Review
– Name: Language
  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Journal Info
  Group: Src
  Data: &lt;i&gt;Publisher: &lt;/i&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PB&quot; term=&quot;%22Kluwer+Academic+Publishers%22&quot;&gt;Kluwer Academic Publishers &lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;i&gt;Country of Publication: &lt;/i&gt;Netherlands &lt;i&gt;NLM ID: &lt;/i&gt;8903118 &lt;i&gt;Publication Model: &lt;/i&gt;Electronic &lt;i&gt;Cited Medium: &lt;/i&gt;Internet &lt;i&gt;ISSN: &lt;/i&gt;1573-2983 (Electronic) &lt;i&gt;Linking ISSN: &lt;/i&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;IS&quot; term=&quot;%2202694042%22&quot;&gt;02694042 &lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;i&gt;NLM ISO Abbreviation: &lt;/i&gt;Environ Geochem Health &lt;i&gt;Subsets: &lt;/i&gt;MEDLINE
– Name: PublisherInfo
  Label: Imprint Name(s)
  Group: PubInfo
  Data: &lt;i&gt;Publication&lt;/i&gt;: 1999- : Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Original Publication&lt;/i&gt;: Kew, Surrey : Science and Technology Letters, 1985-
– Name: SubjectMESH
  Label: MeSH Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Metals%2C+Heavy%22&quot;&gt;Metals, Heavy*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Metals%2C+Heavy+analysis%22&quot;&gt;analysis&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Metals%2C+Heavy%22&quot;&gt;Metals, Heavy*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Metals%2C+Heavy+toxicity%22&quot;&gt;toxicity&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Soil+Pollutants%22&quot;&gt;Soil Pollutants*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Soil+Pollutants+analysis%22&quot;&gt;analysis&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Soil+Pollutants%22&quot;&gt;Soil Pollutants*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Soil+Pollutants+toxicity%22&quot;&gt;toxicity&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Environmental+Monitoring%22&quot;&gt;Environmental Monitoring*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Environmental+Monitoring+methods%22&quot;&gt;methods&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Environmental+Pollution%22&quot;&gt;Environmental Pollution*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Environmental+Pollution+analysis%22&quot;&gt;analysis&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Geologic+Sediments%22&quot;&gt;Geologic Sediments&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Geologic+Sediments+chemistry%22&quot;&gt;chemistry&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Risk+Assessment%22&quot;&gt;Risk Assessment&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Iran%22&quot;&gt;Iran&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Soil contamination with toxic elements is a major environmental concern. This study has attempted to provide an overall assessment of heavy metal (HM) pollution status in Iran&#39;s soil, particularly due to a lack of information on determining contamination levels across different land uses (LUs). A systematic review was utilized to extract manuscripts in which anthropogenic activities affect the HM level in soil. 195 papers were selected by March 2025. 10 HMs (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) within 9 LUs (industrial areas, mining areas, landfill areas, river sediments, roadside, agricultural areas, urban areas, coastal sediments, and wetland sediments) were analyzed for 7 soil pollution indices (CF (contamination factor), EF (enrichment factor), PLI (pollution load index), Er&lt;subscript&gt;i&lt;/subscript&gt; (ecological risk), PERI (potential ecological risk index, RAC (risk assessment code), and I&lt;subscript&gt;geo&lt;/subscript&gt; (geoaccumulation index)). The impact of human activities was traced in all LUs, with smoother conditions for Mn and V in the CF mean calculation, Co, Ni, Mn, and V in the EF mean calculation, and Co, Cr, Mn, and V in the I&lt;subscript&gt;geo&lt;/subscript&gt; calculation. Low ecological risk was only recorded in wetland sediments (136.89), and PLI values fell within low pollution (PLI &amp;lt; 1) in wetland and river sediments with 0.837 and 0.856, respectively. RAC mean values for Cd (46%), Hg (46%), Mn (37%), Pb (34%), As (32%), and V (32%) were estimated to pose a high risk to the environment due to high potential for mobility. Er&lt;subscript&gt;i&lt;/subscript&gt; mean value was only estimated with high ecological risk potential for Hg (in agricultural, roadside, coastal, and river sediments) and Cd (in roadside and industrial areas). By comparing the HM average concentration in all LUs, the industrial area was found to have the worst status. Some reported concentrations were up to around two orders of magnitude higher than corresponding ranges on a global scale. The output of this paper can help environmental planners establish strategies for optimal management of HM pollution in different LUs and pave the way for future research to have a more precise understanding of HM pollution levels in developing countries, specifically in the Middle East.&lt;br /&gt; (&#169; 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.The authors declare no competing interests. Ethical approval: The authors agree to ethical approval and understand its rules and content. Consent to participate: The authors of this manuscript are all aware of the journal to which the manuscript was, submitted. Consent for publication: This manuscript has not been published in other journals, and the authors agree to consent to publish.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: Abbasi, S., Keshavarzi, B., Moore, F., Delshab, H., Soltani, N., &amp; Sorooshian, A. (2017). Investigation of microrubbers, microplastics and heavy metals in street dust: A study in Bushehr city, Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76, 1–19. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs12665-017-7137-0%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s12665-017-7137-0)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abdel Ghani, S. A., Shobier, A. H., &amp; Shreadah, M. A. (2013). Assessment of arsenic and vanadium pollution in surface sediments of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management, 16(1–2), 82–101. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1504%2FIJETM%2E2013%2E050673%22&quot;&gt;10.1504/IJETM.2013.050673)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abedi, A.-s, Hoseini, H., Mohammadi-Nasrabadi, F., Rostami, N., &amp; Esfarjani, F. (2023). Consumer health risk assessment of arsenic and mercury in hen eggs through Monte Carlo simulations. BMC Public Health, 23(1), Article 1320. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16223-4. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1186%2Fs12889-023-16223-4%22&quot;&gt;10.1186/s12889-023-16223-4)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Adewumi, A., &amp; Ogundele, O. (2024). Hidden hazards in urban soils: A meta-analysis review of global heavy metal contamination (2010-2022), sources and its ecological and health consequences. Sustainable Environment, 10(1), Article 2293239. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1080%2F27658511%2E2023%2E2293239%22&quot;&gt;10.1080/27658511.2023.2293239)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aghlidi, P. S., Cheraghi, M., Lorestani, B., Sobhanardakani, S., &amp; Merrikhpour, H. (2020). Analysis, spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of arsenic and some heavy metals of agricultural soils, case study: South of Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 18(2), 665–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-020-00492-x. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs40201-020-00492-x%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s40201-020-00492-x)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Akhbarizadeh, R., Moore, F., Keshavarzi, B., &amp; Moeinpour, A. (2017). Microplastics and potentially toxic elements in coastal sediments of Iran&#39;s main oil terminal (Khark Island). Environmental Pollution, 220, 720–731.&lt;br /&gt;Akinleye, C., Adewumi, A., &amp; Akinleye, R. (2022). A systematic review of ecological and human health risk associated with metals in soils around mining areas in Nigeria. Funksec Here, 4(1), 120–141.&lt;br /&gt;Akpa, C., Nworie, C. D., Obasi, P. N., Omoruyi, N., &amp; Ugbor, C. C. (2025). Assessment of the heavy metal induced environmental pollution in Abakaliki mining district using geochemical analysis of soils and stream sediments. International Journal of River Basin Management, 1–21.&lt;br /&gt;Al-Mutairi, K. A., &amp; Yap, C. K. (2021). A review of heavy metals in coastal surface sediments from the Red Sea: Health-ecological risk assessments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), Article 2798. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062798. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E3390%2Fijerph18062798%22&quot;&gt;10.3390/ijerph18062798)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alghanimi, S. M. K., Chamani, A., Almusawi, A. N., &amp; Tavabe, K. R. (2024). Potentially toxic elements risk assessment and source identification of an at-risk international wetland in SW Iran. Wetlands, 44(5), Article 63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-024-01817-4. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs13157-024-01817-4%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s13157-024-01817-4)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aliabad, H. M., &amp; Alimohammadi, S. (2025). Probabilistic health risk assessment of BTEX contamination in groundwater using the set of triplets methodology: A case study near Shiraz Oil Refinery, Iran. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 11(1), 1–20. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs40899-024-01184-2%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s40899-024-01184-2)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Angon, P. B., Islam, M. S., Kc, S., Das, A., Anjum, N., Poudel, A., &amp; Suchi, S. A. (2024). Sources, effects and present perspectives of heavy metals contamination: Soil, plants and human food chain. Heliyon, 10(7), Article e28357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28357. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eheliyon%2E2024%2Ee28357%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28357)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Arienzo, M., Bravi, S., Toscanesi, M., Donadio, C., De Simone, G., Stanislao, C., Ferrara, L., Allocca, V., Giarra, A., &amp; Trifuoggi, M. (2024). Heavy metals in surface sediments of Lake Patria wetland, southern Italy, and environmental risk. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 263, Article 107490. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Egexplo%2E2024%2E107490%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107490)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ashayeri, N. Y., &amp; Keshavarzi, B. (2019). Geochemical characteristics, partitioning, quantitative source apportionment, and ecological and health risk of heavy metals in sediments and water: A case study in Shadegan Wetland, Iran. Marine pollution bulletin, 149, 110495.&lt;br /&gt;Balali, A., Gholami, S., Javanmardi, M., Valipour, A., &amp; Yunusa-Kaltungo, A. (2023). Assessment of heavy metal pollution in the soil of a construction and demolition waste landfill. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring &amp; Management, 20, Article 100856. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eenmm%2E2023%2E100856%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.enmm.2023.100856)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Balali-Mood, M., Naseri, K., Tahergorabi, Z., Khazdair, M. R., &amp; Sadeghi, M. (2021). Toxic mechanisms of five heavy metals: Mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, Article 643972. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E3389%2Ffphar%2E2021%2E643972%22&quot;&gt;10.3389/fphar.2021.643972)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Barde, B. G., Adeleye, A. O., Oladeji, A. A., &amp; Duhu, Y. B. (2024). Heavy metals pollution and ecological risk assessment around artisanal gold mines in Zamfara, Nigeria. Environmental Analysis, Health and Toxicology, 39, Article e2024016. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E5620%2Feaht%2E2024016%22&quot;&gt;10.5620/eaht.2024016)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Barik, D., Rakhi Mol, K., Anand, G., Nandamol, P., Das, D., &amp; Porel, M. (2025). Environmental pollutants such as endocrine disruptors/pesticides/reactive dyes and inorganic toxic compounds metals, radionuclides, and metalloids and their impact on the ecosystem. Biotechnology for environmental sustainability (pp. 391–442). Springer. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2F978-981-97-7221-6%26#95%3B15%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/978-981-97-7221-6&amp;#95;15)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bj&#248;rklund, G., Dadar, M., Mutter, J., &amp; Aaseth, J. (2017). The toxicology of mercury: Current research and emerging trends. Environmental Research, 159, 545–554. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eenvres%2E2017%2E08%2E051%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.051)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Boudebbouz, A., Gueroui, Y., Boussadia, M. I., Zergui, A., Bousbia, A., &amp; Boudalia, S. (2024). A systematic review of potential toxic elements contamination in coastal and freshwater sediments from Algeria over the past two decades. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 79, Article 103819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103819. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Ersma%2E2024%2E103819%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103819)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Buxton, S., Garman, E., Heim, K. E., Lyons-Darden, T., Schlekat, C. E., Taylor, M. D., &amp; Oller, A. R. (2019). Concise review of nickel human health toxicology and ecotoxicology. Inorganics, 7(7), 89. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E3390%2Finorganics7070089%22&quot;&gt;10.3390/inorganics7070089)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chen, L., Wei, Q., Xu, G., Wei, M., &amp; Chen, H. (2022). Contamination and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of Huangshui River, Northwest China. Journal of Chemistry, 2022(1), 4282992.&lt;br /&gt;Chen, X., Huang, S., Xie, X., Zhu, M., Li, J., Wang, X., &amp; Pu, L. (2020). Enrichment, source apportionment and health risk assessment of soil potentially harmful elements associated with different land use in coastal tidelands reclamation area, Eastern China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), Article 2822. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E3390%2Fijerph17082822%22&quot;&gt;10.3390/ijerph17082822)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Conway, J. H., &amp; Ayele, R. A. (2013). Thimerosal and other vaccine additives. Vaccinophobia and Vaccine Controversies of the 21st Century, 213–233.&lt;br /&gt;D’Emilio, M., Caggiano, R., Macchiato, M., Ragosta, M., &amp; Sabia, S. (2013). Soil heavy metal contamination in an industrial area: Analysis of the data collected during a decade. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185, 5951–5964. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs10661-012-2997-y%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s10661-012-2997-y)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dang, P., Gu, X., Lin, C., Xin, M., Zhang, H., Ouyang, W., Liu, X., He, M., &amp; Wang, B. (2021). Distribution, sources, and ecological risks of potentially toxic elements in the Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea: Under the long-term impact of the Yellow River input. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 413, Article 125429. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Ejhazmat%2E2021%2E125429%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125429)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Datta, K., Chakraborty, S., &amp; Roychoudhury, A. (2025). Management of soil, waste and water in the context of global climate change. Environmental nexus for resource management (pp. 1–26). CRC Press.&lt;br /&gt;Dehghan Manshadi, Z., Parivar, P., Sotoudeh, A., &amp; Morovati Sharifabadi, A. (2024). Modeling urban growth effects on carrying capacity in arid and semi-arid regions using system dynamics. Ecological Modelling, 487, Article 110565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110565. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eecolmodel%2E2023%2E110565%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110565)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dehghani, S., Moore, F., Keshavarzi, B., &amp; Hale, B. A. (2017). Health risk implications of potentially toxic metals in street dust and surface soil of Tehran, Iran. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 136, 92–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.10.037.&lt;br /&gt;Doabi, S. A., Afyuni, M., &amp; Karami, M. (2017). Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metals contamination in atmospheric dust of Kermanshah province, western Iran, during the spring and summer 2013. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 180, 61–70. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Egexplo%2E2017%2E06%2E007%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.gexplo.2017.06.007)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Enjavinejad, S. M., Zahedifar, M., Moosavi, A. A., &amp; Khosravani, P. (2024). Integrated application of multiple indicators and geographic information system-based approaches for comprehensive assessment of environmental impacts of toxic metals-contaminated agricultural soils and vegetables. Science of the Total Environment, 926, Article Article 171747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171747. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Escitotenv%2E2024%2E171747%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171747)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Faraji, M., Alizadeh, I., Conti, G. O., &amp; Mohammadi, A. (2023). Investigation of health and ecological risk attributed to the soil heavy metals in Iran: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 857, Article 158925. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Escitotenv%2E2022%2E158925%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158925)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fern&#225;ndez-Mart&#237;nez, R., Corrochano, N., &#193;lvarez-Quintana, J., Ord&#243;&#241;ez, A., &#193;lvarez, R., &amp; Rucandio, I. (2024). Assessment of the ecological risk and mobility of arsenic and heavy metals in soils and mine tailings from the Carmina mine site (Asturias, NW Spain). Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 46(3), 90. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs10653-023-01848-6%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s10653-023-01848-6)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Frimpong, S. K., &amp; Koranteng, S. S. (2019). Levels and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in surface soil of public parks in Southern Ghana. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191, 1–14. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs10661-019-7745-0%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s10661-019-7745-0)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Galea, K. S., Porras, S. P., Viegas, S., Bocca, B., Bousoumah, R., Duca, R. C., Godderis, L., Iavicoli, I., Janasik, B., &amp; Jones, K. (2021). HBM4EU chromates study-reflection and lessons learnt from designing and undertaking a collaborative European biomonitoring study on occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 234, Article 113725. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eijheh%2E2021%2E113725%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113725)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Galitskova, Y. M., &amp; Murzayeva, A. I. (2016). Urban soil contamination. Procedia Engineering, 153, 162–166. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eproeng%2E2016%2E08%2E097%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.097)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Genchi, G., Carocci, A., Lauria, G., Sinicropi, M. S., &amp; Catalano, A. (2020a). Nickel: Human health and environmental toxicology. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 679. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E3390%2Fijerph17030679%22&quot;&gt;10.3390/ijerph17030679)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Genchi, G., Sinicropi, M. S., Lauria, G., Carocci, A., &amp; Catalano, A. (2020b). The effects of cadmium toxicity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3782. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E3390%2Fijerph17113782%22&quot;&gt;10.3390/ijerph17113782)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ghaedrahmat, Z., Almasi, H., Akhbarizadeh, R., &amp; Ahmadi, M. (2022). Assessment of Heavy Metals in Road Dust of Behbahan City, Iran: Distribution, Sources and Health Risks. ssu-jehsd, 7(2), 1632. https://doi.org/10.18502/jehsd.v7i2.9787.&lt;br /&gt;Ghanavati, N., Nazarpour, A., &amp; De Vivo, B. (2019). Ecological and human health risk assessment of toxic metals in street dusts and surface soils in Ahvaz, Iran. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 41(2), 875–891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0184-y. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs10653-018-0184-y%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s10653-018-0184-y)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gogoi, N., Sarma, A., Choudhury, M., Samanta, P., Faizan, M., &amp; Sadhak, S. (2024). Soil heavy metal pollution and ecological risk assessment in disturbed and undisturbed soil of Morigaon, Assam. Discover Environment, 2(1), Article 13. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs44274-024-00039-z%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s44274-024-00039-z)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Goncharov, G., Soktoev, B., Farkhutdinov, I., &amp; Matveenko, I. (2024). Heavy metals in urban soil: Contamination levels, spatial distribution and human health risk assessment (the case of Ufa city, Russia). Environmental Research, 257, Article 119216. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eenvres%2E2024%2E119216%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.envres.2024.119216)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gonz&#225;lez, N., Esplugas, R., Marqu&#232;s, M., &amp; Domingo, J. L. (2021). Concentrations of arsenic and vanadium in environmental and biological samples collected in the neighborhood of petrochemical industries: A review of the scientific literature. Science of the Total Environment, 771, Article 145149. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Escitotenv%2E2021%2E145149%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145149)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Grattacaso, M., Canali, G., Vannini, A., Protano, G., Nannoni, F., De Lucia, V., Lella, L. A. D., Biagiotti, S., &amp; Loppi, S. (2025). Health and ecological risk from potentially toxic elements in soils and extra virgin olive oils from Valdichiana Senese, Tuscany (Italy). Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.202400312. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1002%2Fjpln%2E202400312%22&quot;&gt;10.1002/jpln.202400312)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Guagliardi, I., Cicchella, D., De Rosa, R., Ricca, N., &amp; Buttafuoco, G. (2018). Geochemical sources of vanadium in soils: Evidences in a southern Italy area. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 184, 358–364. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Egexplo%2E2016%2E11%2E017%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.11.017)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gunarathne, V., Phillips, A. J., Zanoletti, A., Rajapaksha, A. U., Vithanage, M., Di Maria, F., Pivato, A., Korzeniewska, E., &amp; Bontempi, E. (2024). Environmental pitfalls and associated human health risks and ecological impacts from landfill leachate contaminants: Current evidence, recommended interventions and future directions. Science of the Total Environment, 912, Article 169026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169026. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Escitotenv%2E2023%2E169026%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169026)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Guo, G., Li, K., &amp; Lei, M. (2022). Accumulation, environmental risk characteristics and associated driving mechanisms of potential toxicity elements in roadside soils across China. Science of the Total Environment, 835, Article 155342. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Escitotenv%2E2022%2E155342%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155342)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gupta, D., Shukla, R., &amp; Kumar Mishra, V. (2024). Heavy metal distribution, fractionation, metal pollution and environmental risk assessment in surface sediment of Narmada River, India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 1–22.&lt;br /&gt;Gworek, B., Dmuchowski, W., &amp; Baczewska-Dąbrowska, A. H. (2020). Mercury in the terrestrial environment: A review. Environmental Sciences Europe, 32(1), 128. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1186%2Fs12302-020-00401-x%22&quot;&gt;10.1186/s12302-020-00401-x)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hamid, E., Payandeh, K., Nezhad, M. T. K., &amp; Saadati, N. (2022). Potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals (trace elements) in coastal soils of southwest Iran. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, Article 889130. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.889130. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E3389%2Ffpubh%2E2022%2E889130%22&quot;&gt;10.3389/fpubh.2022.889130)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Han, Y., &amp; Gu, X. (2023). Enrichment, contamination, ecological and health risks of toxic metals in agricultural soils of an industrial city, Northwestern China. Journal of Trace Elements Miner, 3, 100043.&lt;br /&gt;Haque, M. M., Sultana, S., Niloy, N. M., Quraishi, S. B., &amp; Tareq, S. M. (2022). Source apportionment, ecological, and human health risks of toxic metals in road dust of densely populated capital and connected major highway of Bangladesh. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(25), 37218–37233. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs11356-021-18458-3%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s11356-021-18458-3)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hou, D. (2023). Soil health and ecosystem services (Vol. Vol. 39, pp. 1259–1266). Wiley Online Library.&lt;br /&gt;Hou, D., Jia, X., Wang, L., McGrath, S. P., Zhu, Y.-G., Hu, Q., Zhao, F.-J., Bank, M. S., O’Connor, D., &amp; Nriagu, J. (2025). Global soil pollution by toxic metals threatens agriculture and human health. Science, 388(6744), 316–321. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1126%2Fscience%2Eadr5214%22&quot;&gt;10.1126/science.adr5214)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Houessionon, M. K., Ouendo, E.-M., Bouland, C., Takyi, S. A., Kedote, N. M., Fayomi, B., Fobil, J. N., &amp; Basu, N. (2021). Environmental heavy metal contamination from electronic waste (e-waste) recycling activities worldwide: A systematic review from 2005 to 2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), Article 3517. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E3390%2Fijerph18073517%22&quot;&gt;10.3390/ijerph18073517)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hu, C., Hu, T., &amp; Liang, L. (2024). Spatial variation and potential ecological risk assessment of trace elements in the sediments of Chaohu Lake in China. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 39(1), Article 2294129. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1080%2F02705060%2E2023%2E2294129%22&quot;&gt;10.1080/02705060.2023.2294129)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hui, X., Sheikh Asadi, A. M., Fakhri, Y., Mehri, F., Limam, I., &amp; Thai, V. N. (2023). Potential toxic elements in costal sediment of the Persian Gulf: A systematic review-meta-analysis, non-dietary risk assessment and ecological risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 30(24), 64891–64903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26949-8. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs11356-023-26949-8%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s11356-023-26949-8)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Islam, M. S., Ismail, Z., Jamal, M. H., Ibrahim, Z., Jumain, M., Islam, A. R. M. T., Kabir, M. H., Asraful Islam, S. M., Ahmed, S., &amp; Phoungthong, K. (2022). Heavy metals from different land use soil in the capital of ancient Pundranagar, Bangladesh: A preliminary study for ecological risk assessment. Chemistry and Ecology, 38(8), 720–743. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1080%2F02757540%2E2022%2E2100360%22&quot;&gt;10.1080/02757540.2022.2100360)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jafarabadi, A. R., Bakhtiyari, A. R., Toosi, A. S., &amp; Jadot, C. (2017). Spatial distribution, ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metals in marine surface sediments and coastal seawaters of fringing coral reefs of the Persian Gulf, Iran. Chemosphere, 185, 1090–1111.&lt;br /&gt;Jahandari, A., &amp; Abbasnejad, B. (2024). Environmental pollution status and health risk assessment of selective heavy metal (oid)s in Iran’s agricultural soils: A review. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 256, Article 107330. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Egexplo%2E2023%2E107330%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.gexplo.2023.107330)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jiang, M., Wang, K., Wang, Y., Zhao, Q., &amp; Wang, W. (2022). Technologies for the cobalt-contaminated soil remediation: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 813, Article 151908. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Escitotenv%2E2021%2E151908%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151908)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kabir, M. H., Kormoker, T., Shammi, R. S., Tusher, T. R., Islam, M. S., Khan, R., Omor, M. Z. U., Sarker, M. E., Yeasmin, M., &amp; Idris, A. M. (2022). A comprehensive assessment of heavy metal contamination in road dusts along a hectic national highway of Bangladesh: Spatial distribution, sources of contamination, ecological and human health risks. Toxin Reviews, 41(3), 860–879. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1080%2F15569543%2E2021%2E1952436%22&quot;&gt;10.1080/15569543.2021.1952436)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kachoueiyan, F., Karbassi, A., Nasrabadi, T., Rashidiyan, M., &amp; De-la-Torre, G. E. (2024). Speciation characteristics, ecological risk assessment, and source apportionment of heavy metals in the surface sediments of the Gomishan wetland. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 198, Article 115835. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Emarpolbul%2E2023%2E115835%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115835)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kamani, H., Mahvi, A., Seyedsalehi, M., Jaafari, J., Hoseini, M., Safari, G., Dalvand, A., Aslani, H., Mirzaei, N., &amp; Ashrafi, S. (2017). Contamination and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in street dust of Tehran, Iran. International journal of environmental science and technology, 14, 2675–2682.&lt;br /&gt;Karimi, A., Naghizadeh, A., Biglari, H., Peirovi, R., Ghasemi, A., &amp; Zarei, A. (2020). Assessment of human health risks and pollution index for heavy metals in farmlands irrigated by effluents of stabilization ponds. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 10317–10327.&lt;br /&gt;Kashefighasemabadi, A., Karbassi, A., Tabatabaee, M., &amp; Dehabadi, A. (2019). Development of soil pollution risk index in the vicinity of a waste dam in Chadormalu iron ore mine. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(12), 8485–8494. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs13762-019-02330-6%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s13762-019-02330-6)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kasperczyk, E., Tarhonska, K., &amp; Jablonska, E. (2025). Epigenetic changes induced by carcinogenic agents or occupational exposure with sufficient evidence for bladder cancer. Cancer Prevention Research. https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-24-0450. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1158%2F1940-6207%2Ecapr-24-0450%22&quot;&gt;10.1158/1940-6207.capr-24-0450)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keshavarzi, A., &amp; Kumar, V. (2020). Spatial distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils of Northeastern Iran. Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes, 4(2), 87–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2019.1587588. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1080%2F24749508%2E2019%2E1587588%22&quot;&gt;10.1080/24749508.2019.1587588)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Khalili, M., &amp; Nasrabadi, T. (2023). Assessment of occupational health risk due to inhalation of chemical compounds in an aircraft maintenance, repair, and overhaul company. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(20), 57558–57570. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs11356-023-26572-7%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s11356-023-26572-7)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Khotimah, N. N., Rozirwan, R., Putri, W. A. E., Fauziyah, F., Aryawati, R., Isnaini, I., &amp; Nugroho, R. Y. (2024). Bioaccumulation and ecological risk assessment of heavy metal contamination (Lead and Copper) build up in the roots of Avicennia alba and Excoecaria agallocha. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 25(5).&lt;br /&gt;Kravchenko, E., Minkina, T., Mandzhieva, S., Bauer, T., Lacynnik, E., Wong, M. H., &amp; Nazarenko, O. (2025). Ecological and health risk assessments of heavy metal contamination in soils surrounding a coal power plant. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 484, Article 136751. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Ejhazmat%2E2024%2E136751%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136751)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kulshreshtha, D., Ganguly, J., &amp; Jog, M. (2021). Manganese and movement disorders: A review. Journal of Movement Disorders, 14(2), 93. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E14802%2Fjmd%2E20123%22&quot;&gt;10.14802/jmd.20123)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kumar, N., Chandan, N. K., Bhushan, S., Singh, D. K., &amp; Kumar, S. (2023). Health risk assessment and metal contamination in fish, water and soil sediments in the East Kolkata Wetlands, India, Ramsar site. Scientific Reports, 13(1), Article 1546. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1038%2Fs41598-023-28801-y%22&quot;&gt;10.1038/s41598-023-28801-y)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kumar, V., S, H., Huligowda, L. K. D., Umesh, M., Chakraborty, P., Thazeem, B., &amp; Singh, A. P. (2025). Environmental pollutants as emerging concerns for cardiac diseases: A review on their impacts on cardiac health. Biomedicines, 13(1), Article 241. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E3390%2Fbiomedicines13010241%22&quot;&gt;10.3390/biomedicines13010241)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kumar, V., Sharma, A., Kaur, P., Sidhu, G. P. S., Bali, A. S., Bhardwaj, R., Thukral, A. K., &amp; Cerda, A. (2019). Pollution assessment of heavy metals in soils of India and ecological risk assessment: A state-of-the-art. Chemosphere, 216, 449–462. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Echemosphere%2E2018%2E10%2E066%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.066)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lal, R., Bouma, J., Brevik, E., Dawson, L., Field, D. J., Glaser, B., Hatano, R., Hartemink, A. E., Kosaki, T., &amp; Lascelles, B. (2021). Soils and sustainable development goals of the United Nations: An International Union of Soil Sciences perspective. Geoderma Regional, 25, Article e00398. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Egeodrs%2E2021%2Ee00398%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.geodrs.2021.e00398)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Liu, L., Li, Y., Gu, X., Tulcan, R. X. S., Yan, L., Lin, C., &amp; Pan, J. (2025). Priority sources identification and risks assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soils of a typical antimony mining watershed. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 147, 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2023.11.007. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Ejes%2E2023%2E11%2E007%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.jes.2023.11.007)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Luo, F., Zhang, F., Zhang, W., Huang, Q., &amp; Tang, X. (2024). Distribution, ecological risk, and source identification of heavy metal (loid) s in sediments of a headwater of Beijiang river affected by mining in southern China. Toxics, 12(2), 117. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E3390%2Ftoxics12020117%22&quot;&gt;10.3390/toxics12020117)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Madadi, R., Mejjad, N., &amp; De-la-Torre, G. E. (2023). Geochemical speciation, ecological risk, and source identification of heavy metal(loid)s in sediments and waters from Musa Estuary, Persian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 190, Article Article 114836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114836. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Emarpolbul%2E2023%2E114836%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114836)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mahmudiono, T., Hoseinvandtabar, S., Mehri, F., Borzoei, M., Heidarinejad, Z., Nakoozadeh, M. A., Daraei, H., Atamaleki, A., Fakhri, Y., &amp; Khaneghah, A. M. (2024). Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in coastal sediments of Bandar Abbas city, north of Persian Gulf: An ecological risk assessment. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 34(3), 1255–1269. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2023.2173154. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1080%2F09603123%2E2023%2E2173154%22&quot;&gt;10.1080/09603123.2023.2173154)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mai, N. T., Thi Tham, T., Thuy, H. N. T., Thi, H. K., Lien, N. T. H., Nghia, N. T., Hang, P. T. T., Toan, V. D., Tap, V. H., &amp; Van Thang, D. (2024). Residual, sequential extraction, and ecological risk assessment of some metals in ash from municipal solid waste incineration, Vietnam. Green Processing and Synthesis, 13(1), Article Article 20230234. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1515%2Fgps-2023-0234%22&quot;&gt;10.1515/gps-2023-0234)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mansouri Moghadam, S., Payandeh, K., Koushafar, A., Goosheh, M., &amp; Mohammadi Rouzbahani, M. (2024). Level of heavy metals and environmental pollution index in Ahvaz, southwest Iran. Scientific Reports, 14(1), Article 14754. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1038%2Fs41598-024-64192-4%22&quot;&gt;10.1038/s41598-024-64192-4)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mart&#237;nez-Castillo, M., Garc&#237;a-Montalvo, E. A., Arellano-Mendoza, M. G., S&#225;nchez-Pe&#241;a, L. C., Soria Jasso, L. E., Izquierdo-Vega, J. A., Valenzuela, O. L., &amp; Hern&#225;ndez-Zavala, A. (2021). Arsenic exposure and non-carcinogenic health effects. Human &amp; Experimental Toxicology, 40(12&amp;#95;suppl), S826–S850. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1177%2F09603271211045955%22&quot;&gt;10.1177/09603271211045955)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Meuser, H., &amp; Meuser, H. (2010). Causes of soil contamination in the urban environment. Contaminated Urban Soils, 29–94.&lt;br /&gt;Mirzaei Aminiyan, M., Baalousha, M., Mousavi, R., Mirzaei Aminiyan, F., Hosseini, H., &amp; Heydariyan, A. (2018). The ecological risk, source identification, and pollution assessment of heavy metals in road dust: A case study in Rafsanjan, SE Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 13382–13395. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs11356-017-8539-y%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s11356-017-8539-y)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mitra, S., Chakraborty, A. J., Tareq, A. M., Emran, T. B., Nainu, F., Khusro, A., Idris, A. M., Khandaker, M. U., Osman, H., &amp; Alhumaydhi, F. A. (2022). Impact of heavy metals on the environment and human health: Novel therapeutic insights to counter the toxicity. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 34(3), Article 101865. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Ejksus%2E2022%2E101865%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.jksus.2022.101865)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Modabberi, S., &amp; Moore, F. (2004). Environmental geochemistry of Zarshuran Au-As deposit, NW Iran. Environmental Geology, 46(6), 796–807. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs00254-004-1065-5%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s00254-004-1065-5)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Moghimi Dehkordi, M., Pournuroz Nodeh, Z., Soleimani Dehkordi, K., salmanvandi, H., Rasouli Khorjestan, R., &amp; Ghaffarzadeh, M. (2024). Soil, air, and water pollution from mining and industrial activities: Sources of pollution, environmental impacts, and prevention and control methods. Results in Engineering, 23, Article 102729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102729. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Erineng%2E2024%2E102729%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102729)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mohammadi, M. J., Farhadi, M., Ghanbari, S., Asban, P., Kiani, F., Taherian, M., &amp; Mir, I. (2023). Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in urban dust in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Toxicology Reports, 11, 471–480. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Etoxrep%2E2023%2E11%2E007%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.11.007)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mohammadyan, M., Moosazadeh, M., Khanjani, N., &amp; Rahimi Moghadam, S. (2019). Quantitative and semi-quantitative risk assessment of occupational exposure to lead among electrical solderers in Neyshabur, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 31207–31214. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs11356-019-06220-9%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s11356-019-06220-9)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mostafa, M. T., El-Nady, H., Gomaa, R. M., Abdelgawad, H. F., Abdelhafiz, M. A., Salman, S. A. E., &amp; Khalifa, I. H. (2024). Urban geochemistry of heavy metals in road dust from Cairo megacity, Egypt: Enrichment, sources, contamination, and health risks. Environmental Earth Sciences, 83(1), Article 37. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs12665-023-11342-y%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s12665-023-11342-y)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nabi, A. (2025). Immunological and biochemical investigations in human arsenic toxicity. University of Dhaka.&lt;br /&gt;Njagi, J. M., Akunga, D. N., Njagi, M. M., Ngugi, M. P., &amp; Njagi, E. M. (2016). Heavy metal pollution of the environment by dumpsites: A case of Kadhodeki Dumpsite. Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res, 2(2), 191–197.&lt;br /&gt;Ogunlana, R., Korode, A., &amp; Ajibade, Z. (2020). Assessing the level of heavy metals concentration in soil around transformer at Akoko community of OndoState, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 24(12), 2183–2189. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E4314%2Fjasem%2Ev24i12%2E26%22&quot;&gt;10.4314/jasem.v24i12.26)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ogwu, M. C., Izah, S. C., Sawyer, W. E., &amp; Amabie, T. (2025). Environmental risk assessment of trace metal pollution: A statistical perspective. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 47(4), 94. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs10653-025-02405-z%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s10653-025-02405-z)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Okafor, V. N., Omokpariola, D. O., Tabugbo, B. I., &amp; Okoliko, G. F. (2024). Ecological and health risk assessments of heavy metals in surface water sediments from Ifite Ogwari community in Southeastern Nigeria. Discover Environment, 2(1), Article 93. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs44274-024-00098-2%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s44274-024-00098-2)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Oruko, R. O., Edokpayi, J. N., Msagati, T. A., Tavengwa, N. T., Ogola, H. J., Ijoma, G., &amp; Odiyo, J. O. (2021). Investigating the chromium status, heavy metal contamination, and ecological risk assessment via tannery waste disposal in sub-Saharan Africa (Kenya and South Africa). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 42135–42149. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs11356-021-13703-1%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s11356-021-13703-1)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Osobamiro, T. M., Awolesi, O., Alabi, O. M., Oshinowo, A. Y., Idris, M. A., &amp; Busari, F. A. (2019). Heavy metal levels of soil samples collected from a major industrial area in Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 9(8), Article p92125. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E29322%2FIJSRP%2E9%2E08%2E2019%2Ep92125%22&quot;&gt;10.29322/IJSRP.9.08.2019.p92125)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Oyekunle, F., Ogunsusi, S., Aiyewalehinmi, E., &amp; Amoko, K. (2025). Assessment of occupational health and safety risks in selected construction sites in oyo state, Nigeria. International Journal of Engineering and Applied Physics, 5(1), 1152–1167.&lt;br /&gt;Patel, K. S., Pandey, P. K., Mart&#237;n-Ramos, P., Corns, W. T., Varol, S., Bhattacharya, P., &amp; Zhu, Y. (2023). A review on arsenic in the environment: Contamination, mobility, sources, and exposure. RSC Advances, 13(13), 8803–8821. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1039%2FD3RA00789H%22&quot;&gt;10.1039/D3RA00789H)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Peres, T. V., Schettinger, M. R. C., Chen, P., Carvalho, F., Avila, D. S., Bowman, A. B., &amp; Aschner, M. (2016). Manganese-induced neurotoxicity: A review of its behavioral consequences and neuroprotective strategies. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology, 17, 1–20. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1186%2Fs40360-016-0099-0%22&quot;&gt;10.1186/s40360-016-0099-0)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Qi, C., Xu, M., Liu, J., Li, C., Yang, B., Jin, Z., Liang, S., &amp; Guo, B. (2024). Source analysis and contribution estimation of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils in an industrial town in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Minerals, 14(3), Article 279. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E3390%2Fmin14030279%22&quot;&gt;10.3390/min14030279)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Qi, L., Chen, M., Ge, X., Zhang, Y., &amp; Guo, B. (2016). Seasonal variations and sources of 17 aerosol metal elements in suburban Nanjing, China. Atmosphere, 7(12), Article 153. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E3390%2Fatmos7120153%22&quot;&gt;10.3390/atmos7120153)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Raj, D., Abhiroop, C., &amp; Maiti, S. K. (2017). Ecological risk assessment of mercury and other heavy metals in soils of coal mining area: A case study from the eastern part of a Jharia coal field, India. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 23(4), 767–787. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2016.1278519. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1080%2F10807039%2E2016%2E1278519%22&quot;&gt;10.1080/10807039.2016.1278519)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rani, A. J., &amp; Kumar, A. (2018). Manganese: Affecting our environment (water, soil and vegetables). International Journal for Innovative Research in Science &amp; Technology, 4(8), 1–10.&lt;br /&gt;Rashidifard, R., Loghmani, M., &amp; Sharifian, S. (2025). Seasonal and Spatial Dynamics of Heavy Metal Contamination in Port-Adjacent Mangrove Sediments Along the Iranian Coast of Oman Sea: A Multi-Index Risk Assessment. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 1–15.&lt;br /&gt;Rashmi, I., Roy, T., Kartika, K., Pal, R., Coumar, V., Kala, S., &amp; Shinoji, K. (2020). Organic and inorganic fertilizer contaminants in agriculture: Impact on soil and water resources. Contaminants in Agriculture: Sources, Impacts and Management, 3–41.&lt;br /&gt;Rastegari Mehr, M., Shakeri, A., Amjadian, K., Khalilzadeh Poshtegal, M., &amp; Sharifi, R. (2021). Bioavailability, distribution and health risk assessment of arsenic and heavy metals (HMs) in agricultural soils of Kermanshah Province, west of Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 19, 107–120. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs40201-020-00585-7%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s40201-020-00585-7)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rizwan, M., Usman, K., &amp; Alsafran, M. (2024). Ecological impacts and potential hazards of nickel on soil microbes, plants, and human health. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142028. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Echemosphere%2E2024%2E142028%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142028)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Saeedi, M., Li, L. Y., &amp; Salmanzadeh, M. (2012). Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Pollution and ecological risk assessment in street dust of Tehran. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 227, 9–17. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Ejhazmat%2E2012%2E04%2E047%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.047)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Saleem, M., Pierce, D., Wang, Y., Sens, D. A., Somji, S., &amp; Garrett, S. H. (2024). Heavy metal (oid) s contamination and potential ecological risk assessment in agricultural soils. Journal of Xenobiotics, 14(2), 634–650. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E3390%2Fjox14020037%22&quot;&gt;10.3390/jox14020037)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sarkhosh, M., Najafpoor, A. A., &amp; Rahdar, S. (2024). Evaluation of health risk and heavy metal pollution caused by dust storms in Zabol City. Biological Trace Element Research, 1–10.&lt;br /&gt;Selahvarzi, M., Ardakani, S. S., Hemmasi, A. H., Taghavi, L., &amp; Ghoddousi, J. (2024). Analysis, spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface soils, the case of Khorramabad, Iran. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 104(20), 8955–8976. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2023.2217749. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1080%2F03067319%2E2023%2E2217749%22&quot;&gt;10.1080/03067319.2023.2217749)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Shakya, S., Baral, S., Belbase, P., Siddique, M. N. E. A., Samoh, A. N. H., Das, B., Shrestha, P. K., &amp; Shakya, P. R. (2019). Determination and contamination assessment of heavy metals in street dust from different types of land-use in Kathmandu District, Nepal. Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 24(1), 6–18. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E3126%2Fjist%2Ev24i1%2E24622%22&quot;&gt;10.3126/jist.v24i1.24622)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sharma, C., Kamle, M., &amp; Kumar, P. (2023). Applications of nanoparticles and nanomaterials in bioremediation for environmental safety: An overview.&lt;br /&gt;Shojaee Barjoee, S., Azizi, M., Khaledi, A., Kouhkan, M., Soltani, M., &amp; Farokhi, H. (2023). Street dust-bound metal (loid) s in industrial areas of Iran: Moran’s spatial autocorrelation distribution, eco-toxicological risk assessment, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20(8), 8509–8536. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs13762-023-05021-5%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s13762-023-05021-5)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Siddig, M. M., Asabere, S. B., Al-Farraj, A. S., Brevik, E. C., &amp; Sauer, D. (2025). Pollution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in anthropogenically-affected soils of Sudan: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100601. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Ehazadv%2E2025%2E100601%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100601)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Singh, S., Kumar, S., Harshavarthini, M., Kumar, P. V., Poojary, N., Brahmane, M. P., Jaiswar, A. K., Ghode, G. S., Bhatkar, V., &amp; Nagpure, N. (2025). Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in varied matrices of coastal environment of Maharashtra, India, and their effects on forked venus clam, Gafrarium divaricatum (Gmelin, 1791). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 213, Article 117644. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Emarpolbul%2E2025%2E117644%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117644)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sirani, M., Afzali, K., Jahan, S., Strezov, V., &amp; Soleimani-Sardo, M. (2020). Pollution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in the sediments of Jazmurian playa in southeast. Iran. Science Report, 10, 4775.&lt;br /&gt;Sobariu, D. L., Fertu, D. I. T., Diaconu, M., Pavel, L. V., Hlihor, R.-M., Drăgoi, E. N., Curteanu, S., Lenz, M., Corvini, P.-X., &amp; Gavrilescu, M. (2017). Rhizobacteria and plant symbiosis in heavy metal uptake and its implications for soil bioremediation. New Biotechnology, 39, 125–134. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Enbt%2E2016%2E09%2E002%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.nbt.2016.09.002)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Soodmand, A., Ebrahimi, S., &amp; Kiani, F. (2025). Monitoring and assessment of contamination and ecological risk of heavy metals in Hezarpich surface soils. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 22(2), 773–786. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs13762-024-05852-w%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s13762-024-05852-w)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SQGHH, P., &amp; Provisional, S. (1997). Canadian soil quality guidelines for the protection of environmental and human health.&lt;br /&gt;Taati, A., Salehi, M. H., Mohammadi, J., Mohajer, R., &amp; D&#237;ez, S. (2020). Pollution assessment and spatial distribution of trace elements in soils of Arak industrial area, Iran: Implications for human health. Environmental Research, 187, Article 109577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109577. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eenvres%2E2020%2E109577%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.envres.2020.109577)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Taghavi, M., Darvishiyan, M., Momeni, M., Eslami, H., Fallahzadeh, R. A., &amp; Zarei, A. (2023). Ecological risk assessment of trace elements (TEs) pollution and human health risk exposure in agricultural soils used for saffron cultivation. Scientific Reports, 13(1), Article 4556. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1038%2Fs41598-023-31681-x%22&quot;&gt;10.1038/s41598-023-31681-x)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tahmasebi, P., Taheri, M., &amp; Gharaie, M. H. M. (2020). Heavy metal pollution associated with mining activity in the Kouh-e Zar region, NE Iran. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 79(2), 1113–1123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01574-3. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs10064-019-01574-3%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s10064-019-01574-3)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tang, S., Wang, C., Song, J., Ihenetu, S. C., &amp; Li, G. (2024). Advances in studies on heavy metals in urban soil: A bibliometric analysis. Sustainability, 16(2), 860. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E3390%2Fsu16020860%22&quot;&gt;10.3390/su16020860)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tang, Z.-e, Deng, R.-J., Zhang, J., Ren, B.-Z., &amp; Hursthouse, A. (2020). Regional distribution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metal pollution of different land use in an antimony mining area–Xikuangshan, China. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1608423. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1080%2F10807039%2E2019%2E1608423%22&quot;&gt;10.1080/10807039.2019.1608423)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Teng, Y., Ni, S., Zhang, C., Wang, J., Lin, X., &amp; Huang, Y. (2006). Environmental geochemistry and ecological risk of vanadium pollution in Panzhihua mining and smelting area, Sichuan, China. Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 25, 379–385. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs11631-006-0378-3%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s11631-006-0378-3)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thabet, W. M., Moneer, A. A., Abdelwahab, O., Ahdy, H. H., Khedawy, M., &amp; Shabaan, N. A. (2024). Ecological risk assessment of metal pollution in the surface sediments of delta region, Egypt. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196(4), Article 351. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs10661-024-12481-w%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s10661-024-12481-w)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tian, S., Wang, S., Bai, X., Zhou, D., Luo, G., Yang, Y., Hu, Z., Li, C., Deng, Y., &amp; Lu, Q. (2020). Ecological security and health risk assessment of soil heavy metals on a village-level scale, based on different land use types. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 42, 3393–3413. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs10653-020-00583-6%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s10653-020-00583-6)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Trujillo-Gonz&#225;lez, J. M., Torres-Mora, M. A., Jim&#233;nez-Ballesta, R., &amp; Zhang, J. (2019). Land-use-dependent spatial variation and exposure risk of heavy metals in road-deposited sediment in Villavicencio, Colombia. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 41, 667–679. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs10653-018-0160-6%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s10653-018-0160-6)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vaezi, A., Karbassi, A., Valavi, S., &amp; Ganjali, M. (2015). Ecological risk assessment of metals contamination in the sediment of the Bamdezh wetland, Iran. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12, 951–958. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs13762-014-0710-0%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s13762-014-0710-0)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vasseghian, Y., Rad, S. S., Vilas–Boas, J. A., &amp; Khataee, A. (2021). A global systematic review, meta-analysis, and risk assessment of the concentration of vanadium in drinking water resources. Chemosphere, 267, Article 128904. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Echemosphere%2E2020%2E128904%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128904)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wang, J., Wang, B., Zhao, Q., Cao, J., Xiao, X., Zhao, D., Chen, Z., &amp; Wu, D. (2025). Sources analysis and risk assessment of heavy metals in soil in a polymetallic mining area in southeastern Hubei based on Monte Carlo simulation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 290, Article 117607. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eecoenv%2E2024%2E117607%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117607)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wu, Q., Wang, S., Wang, L., Liu, F., Lin, C.-J., Zhang, L., &amp; Wang, F. (2014). Spatial distribution and accumulation of Hg in soil surrounding a Zn/Pb smelter. Science of the Total Environment, 496, 668–677. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Escitotenv%2E2014%2E02%2E067%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.067)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wu, Y.-S., Fang, G.-C., Lee, W.-J., Lee, J.-F., Chang, C.-C., &amp; Lee, C.-Z. (2007). A review of atmospheric fine particulate matter and its associated trace metal pollutants in Asian countries during the period 1995–2005. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 143(1–2), 511–515. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Ejhazmat%2E2006%2E09%2E066%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.066)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wu, Y.-S., Osman, A. I., Hosny, M., Elgarahy, A. M., Eltaweil, A. S., Rooney, D. W., Chen, Z., Rahim, N. S., Sekar, M., &amp; Gopinath, S. C. (2024). The toxicity of mercury and its chemical compounds: Molecular mechanisms and environmental and human health implications: A comprehensive review. ACS Omega, 9(5), 5100–5126. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1021%2Facsomega%2E3c07047%22&quot;&gt;10.1021/acsomega.3c07047)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Xia, F., Zhao, Z., Niu, X., &amp; Wang, Z. (2024). Integrated pollution analysis, pollution area identification and source apportionment of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 465, Article 133215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133215. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Ejhazmat%2E2023%2E133215%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133215)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Xiang, Q., Yu, H., Chu, H., Hu, M., Xu, T., Xu, X., &amp; He, Z. (2022). The potential ecological risk assessment of soil heavy metals using self-organizing map. Science of the Total Environment, 843, Article 156978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156978. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Escitotenv%2E2022%2E156978%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156978)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yaashikaa, P., Kumar, P. S., Jeevanantham, S., &amp; Saravanan, R. (2022). A review on bioremediation approach for heavy metal detoxification and accumulation in plants. Environmental Pollution, 301, Article 119035. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eenvpol%2E2022%2E119035%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119035)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yaghoubi, S. Z., Hosseini, S. A., Bidhendi, G. N., &amp; Sharafati, A. (2022). Assessment of heavy metals in contaminated soils of urban parks in Tehran, Iran. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 19(12), 12303–12314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04454-8. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs13762-022-04454-8%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s13762-022-04454-8)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yahaya, S. M., Abubakar, F., &amp; Abdu, N. (2021). Ecological risk assessment of heavy metal-contaminated soils of selected villages in Zamfara State, Nigeria. SN Applied Sciences, 3(2), Article 168. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs42452-021-04175-6%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s42452-021-04175-6)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yatera, K., Morimoto, Y., Ueno, S., Noguchi, S., Kawaguchi, T., Tanaka, F., Suzuki, H., &amp; Higashi, T. (2018). Cancer risks of hexavalent chromium in the respiratory tract. Journal of UOEH, 40(2), 157–172. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E7888%2Fjuoeh%2E40%2E157%22&quot;&gt;10.7888/juoeh.40.157)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yu, F., Wang, P., &amp; Lv, H. (2025). Considering the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of heavy metals for risk assessment of street dust by typical transportation cities in China. Microchemical Journal, 208, Article 112264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2024.112264. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Emicroc%2E2024%2E112264%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.microc.2024.112264)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zeng, Y., Bi, C., Jia, J., Deng, L., &amp; Chen, Z. (2020). Impact of intensive land use on heavy metal concentrations and ecological risks in an urbanized river network of Shanghai. Ecological Indicators, 116, Article 106501. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eecolind%2E2020%2E106501%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106501)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zhao, L., Islam, R., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., &amp; Liu, L.-Z. (2022). Epigenetic regulation in chromium-, nickel-and cadmium-induced carcinogenesis. Cancers, 14(23), Article 5768. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E3390%2Fcancers14235768%22&quot;&gt;10.3390/cancers14235768)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zhou, Y., Du, S., Liu, Y., Yang, T., Liu, Y., Li, Y., &amp; Zhang, L. (2024). Source identification and risk assessment of trace metals in surface sediment of China sea by combining APCA-MLR receptor model and lead isotope analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 465, Article 133310. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Ejhazmat%2E2023%2E133310%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133310)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zulaikhah, S. T., Wahyuwibowo, J., &amp; Pratama, A. A. (2020). Mercury and its effect on human health: A review of the literature. International Journal of Public Health Science, 9(2), 103–114. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E11591%2Fijphs%2Ev9i2%2E20416%22&quot;&gt;10.11591/ijphs.v9i2.20416)&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: SubjectMinor
  Label: Contributed Indexing
  Group:
  Data: &lt;i&gt;Keywords: &lt;/i&gt;Ecological risk assessment; Heavy metals; Land use; Soil pollution
– Name: NumberCAS
  Label: Substance Nomenclature
  Group: ID
  Data: 0 (Metals, Heavy)&lt;br /&gt;0 (Soil Pollutants)
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date(s)
  Group: Date
  Data: &lt;i&gt;Date Created: &lt;/i&gt;20260927 &lt;i&gt;Date Completed: &lt;/i&gt;20260927 &lt;i&gt;Latest Revision: &lt;/i&gt;20261005
– Name: DateUpdate
  Label: Update Code
  Group: Date
  Data: 20261005
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1007/s10653-026-03482-4
– Name: AN
  Label: PMID
  Group: ID
  Data: 42801376
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42801376
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s10653-026-03482-4
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Geologic Sediments chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Risk Assessment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Iran
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Metals, Heavy analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Metals, Heavy toxicity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil Pollutants analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil Pollutants toxicity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Environmental Monitoring methods
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Environmental Pollution analysis
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Overview of ecological risk assessment of heavy metals with the approach of land uses affecting soil pollution.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Khalili M
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Nohegar A
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Nasrabadi T
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 27
              M: 09
              Text: 2026 Sep 27
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1573-2983
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 48
            – Type: issue
              Value: 15
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Environmental geochemistry and health
              Type: main
ResultId 1