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Association between hypertension and frozen shoulder: A bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study.

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Τίτλος: Association between hypertension and frozen shoulder: A bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study.
Συγγραφείς: Hua D; Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Fenghua Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China., Chen Y, Wang L, Li N, Xu X
Πηγή: Medicine [Medicine (Baltimore)] 2026 Sep 25; Vol. 105 (39), pp. e50925.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 2985248R Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1536-5964 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00257974 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Medicine (Baltimore) Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Hagerstown, Md : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Hypertension*/genetics , Hypertension*/complications , Hypertension*/epidemiology , Bursitis*/genetics , Bursitis*/epidemiology , Mendelian Randomization Analysis*, Humans ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Risk Factors
Περίληψη: Observational studies have suggested a potential association between hypertension and frozen shoulder. This study aims to elucidate the causal dynamics of this relationship using a bidirectional 2-sample Mendelian randomization approach. We analyzed data on hypertension (N = 484,598) and frozen shoulder (N = 627,998) from the IEU Open genome-wide association study database. Instrumental variables were carefully selected to ensure robust correlation and minimize linkage disequilibrium. The primary analysis was conducted using the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method. Additional analyses, including the Weighted Median, MR-Egger, Simple Model, and Weighted Model, were performed to further assess causal effects. We conducted heterogeneity and pleiotropy tests, along with a leave-one-out analysis, to evaluate the stability of our findings. Our analysis revealed that individuals with hypertension have a significantly increased risk of developing frozen shoulder (IVW: odds ratio = 1.749, 95% CI: 1.275-2.399, P = 5.239*10-4). Conversely, reverse Mendelian randomization analysis showed no significant association between frozen shoulder and the risk of hypertension (IVW: odds ratio = 1.006, 95% CI: 0.991-1.021, P = .426). Our findings confirm that hypertension is associated with an increased risk of frozen shoulder, while the reverse does not hold. Patients with hypertension should be informed of this potential risk and consider preventive strategies against the development of frozen shoulder.
(Copyright © 2026 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, LLC.)
Competing Interests: The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to declare.
References: Nat Rev Cardiol. 2024 Jun;21(6):396-416. (PMID: 38172242)
Postgrad Med. 2025 Sep;137(7):566-577. (PMID: 41047816)
Hypertension. 2022 Jan;79(1):293-301. (PMID: 34775787)
Int J Epidemiol. 2017 Dec 1;46(6):1985-1998. (PMID: 29040600)
Front Immunol. 2023 Jan 04;13:1057253. (PMID: 36685511)
Am Fam Physician. 2019 Mar 1;99(5):297-300. (PMID: 30811157)
Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020 Apr;16(4):223-237. (PMID: 32024986)
Biol Direct. 2026 Jun 23;21(1):. (PMID: 42332798)
Acta Ortop Bras. 2023 Feb 20;31(1):e261132. (PMID: 36844130)
Can J Cardiol. 2016 May;32(5):659-68. (PMID: 27118293)
Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 May 11;8:663703. (PMID: 34046418)
J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2018 Aug;27(8):1437-1443. (PMID: 29807717)
J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016 Nov;27(11):3253-3265. (PMID: 27486138)
Nat Aging. 2021 Apr;1(4):400-412. (PMID: 33959723)
Shoulder Elbow. 2017 Apr;9(2):75-84. (PMID: 28405218)
Circ Res. 2021 Apr 2;128(7):847-863. (PMID: 33793328)
Int J Mol Sci. 2026 Jan 27;27(3):. (PMID: 41683708)
Cureus. 2022 Oct 31;14(10):e30890. (PMID: 36465731)
J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011 Sep;19(9):536-42. (PMID: 21885699)
PLoS Genet. 2021 Jun 10;17(6):e1009577. (PMID: 34111113)
J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014 Jul;23(7):1043-51. (PMID: 24560465)
BMJ. 2021 Oct 26;375:n2233. (PMID: 34702754)
Lancet. 2020 Oct 17;396(10258):1223-1249. (PMID: 33069327)
Stat Med. 2008 Apr 15;27(8):1133-63. (PMID: 17886233)
Int J Epidemiol. 2017 Dec 1;46(6):1734-1739. (PMID: 28398548)
JAMA. 2017 Nov 21;318(19):1925-1926. (PMID: 29164242)
Indian J Orthop. 2021 Feb 1;55(2):299-309. (PMID: 33912325)
Front Pharmacol. 2024 Apr 10;15:1377113. (PMID: 38666016)
Health Technol Assess. 2012;16(11):1-264. (PMID: 22405512)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: causality; frozen shoulder; hypertension; mendelian randomization
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260926 Date Completed: 20260926 Latest Revision: 20260930
Update Code: 20260930
PubMed Central ID: PMC13619246
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000050925
PMID: 42798033
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Association between hypertension and frozen shoulder: A bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hua+D%22">Hua D</searchLink>; Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Fenghua Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chen+Y%22">Chen Y</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wang+L%22">Wang L</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Li+N%22">Li N</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Xu+X%22">Xu X</searchLink>
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Observational studies have suggested a potential association between hypertension and frozen shoulder. This study aims to elucidate the causal dynamics of this relationship using a bidirectional 2-sample Mendelian randomization approach. We analyzed data on hypertension (N = 484,598) and frozen shoulder (N = 627,998) from the IEU Open genome-wide association study database. Instrumental variables were carefully selected to ensure robust correlation and minimize linkage disequilibrium. The primary analysis was conducted using the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method. Additional analyses, including the Weighted Median, MR-Egger, Simple Model, and Weighted Model, were performed to further assess causal effects. We conducted heterogeneity and pleiotropy tests, along with a leave-one-out analysis, to evaluate the stability of our findings. Our analysis revealed that individuals with hypertension have a significantly increased risk of developing frozen shoulder (IVW: odds ratio = 1.749, 95% CI: 1.275-2.399, P = 5.239*10-4). Conversely, reverse Mendelian randomization analysis showed no significant association between frozen shoulder and the risk of hypertension (IVW: odds ratio = 1.006, 95% CI: 0.991-1.021, P = .426). Our findings confirm that hypertension is associated with an increased risk of frozen shoulder, while the reverse does not hold. Patients with hypertension should be informed of this potential risk and consider preventive strategies against the development of frozen shoulder.<br /> (Copyright © 2026 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, LLC.)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
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  Data: The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to declare.
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  Label: References
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  Data: Nat Rev Cardiol. 2024 Jun;21(6):396-416. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238172242%22">38172242)</searchLink><br />Postgrad Med. 2025 Sep;137(7):566-577. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241047816%22">41047816)</searchLink><br />Hypertension. 2022 Jan;79(1):293-301. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234775787%22">34775787)</searchLink><br />Int J Epidemiol. 2017 Dec 1;46(6):1985-1998. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229040600%22">29040600)</searchLink><br />Front Immunol. 2023 Jan 04;13:1057253. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236685511%22">36685511)</searchLink><br />Am Fam Physician. 2019 Mar 1;99(5):297-300. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230811157%22">30811157)</searchLink><br />Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020 Apr;16(4):223-237. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232024986%22">32024986)</searchLink><br />Biol Direct. 2026 Jun 23;21(1):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2242332798%22">42332798)</searchLink><br />Acta Ortop Bras. 2023 Feb 20;31(1):e261132. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236844130%22">36844130)</searchLink><br />Can J Cardiol. 2016 May;32(5):659-68. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227118293%22">27118293)</searchLink><br />Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 May 11;8:663703. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234046418%22">34046418)</searchLink><br />J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2018 Aug;27(8):1437-1443. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229807717%22">29807717)</searchLink><br />J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016 Nov;27(11):3253-3265. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227486138%22">27486138)</searchLink><br />Nat Aging. 2021 Apr;1(4):400-412. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233959723%22">33959723)</searchLink><br />Shoulder Elbow. 2017 Apr;9(2):75-84. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228405218%22">28405218)</searchLink><br />Circ Res. 2021 Apr 2;128(7):847-863. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233793328%22">33793328)</searchLink><br />Int J Mol Sci. 2026 Jan 27;27(3):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241683708%22">41683708)</searchLink><br />Cureus. 2022 Oct 31;14(10):e30890. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236465731%22">36465731)</searchLink><br />J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011 Sep;19(9):536-42. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221885699%22">21885699)</searchLink><br />PLoS Genet. 2021 Jun 10;17(6):e1009577. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234111113%22">34111113)</searchLink><br />J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014 Jul;23(7):1043-51. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224560465%22">24560465)</searchLink><br />BMJ. 2021 Oct 26;375:n2233. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234702754%22">34702754)</searchLink><br />Lancet. 2020 Oct 17;396(10258):1223-1249. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233069327%22">33069327)</searchLink><br />Stat Med. 2008 Apr 15;27(8):1133-63. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217886233%22">17886233)</searchLink><br />Int J Epidemiol. 2017 Dec 1;46(6):1734-1739. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228398548%22">28398548)</searchLink><br />JAMA. 2017 Nov 21;318(19):1925-1926. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229164242%22">29164242)</searchLink><br />Indian J Orthop. 2021 Feb 1;55(2):299-309. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233912325%22">33912325)</searchLink><br />Front Pharmacol. 2024 Apr 10;15:1377113. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238666016%22">38666016)</searchLink><br />Health Technol Assess. 2012;16(11):1-264. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222405512%22">22405512)</searchLink>
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