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Low n-3/High n-6 Flaxseed and Hermetia illucens Larvae Oils as Feed Materials: Effects on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Maternal Metabolism, Antioxidant Status and Colostrum in Prolific Ewes.

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Title: Low n-3/High n-6 Flaxseed and Hermetia illucens Larvae Oils as Feed Materials: Effects on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Maternal Metabolism, Antioxidant Status and Colostrum in Prolific Ewes.
Authors: Lewandowska K; Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 38c, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland., Pachura-Hanusek N; Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 38c, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland., Burek A; Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 38c, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland., Szumny A; Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida St. 27, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland., Kupczyński R; Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 38c, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland.
Source: International journal of molecular sciences [Int J Mol Sci] 2026 Sep 11; Vol. 27 (18). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 11.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101092791 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1422-0067 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14220067 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Mol Sci Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : MDPI, [2000-
MeSH Terms: Rumen*/metabolism , Animal Feed*/analysis , Linseed Oil*/chemistry , Linseed Oil*/pharmacology , Colostrum*/metabolism , Antioxidants*/metabolism , Diptera*/chemistry , Fatty Acids, Omega-3* , Fatty Acids, Omega-6*, Larva/chemistry ; Fatty Acids/metabolism ; Animals ; Female ; Fermentation ; Sheep ; Pregnancy
Abstract: Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL; Hermetia illucens) oil and flaxseed oil provide contrasting fatty acid profiles and may serve as alternative lipid feed materials in ruminant nutrition. This study assessed low-α-linolenic/high-linoleic flaxseed oil, BSFL oil, and their blends using an in vitro rumen fermentation screening with pooled bovine rumen inoculum and a randomized prepartum feeding trial in 32 twin- or triplet-bearing Olkuska ewes. In vitro, the single oils and a 1:1 blend were evaluated at two inclusion levels; total VFA concentration was unchanged, whereas propionate proportion, the acetate-to-propionate ratio, methane, ammonia, and incubation-fluid fatty acid profiles showed treatment-dependent responses. In vivo, an unsupplemented control was compared with flaxseed oil, BSFL oil, and a 2:1 blend supplied at 30 g/day for 21 days before expected parturition. Colostrum fat concentration differed among treatments (p = 0.036); the 2:1 blend group had a higher value than the control group (11.29% vs. 8.26%; Dunnett-adjusted p < 0.05), while major fatty acid classes did not differ. Supplementation was also associated with differences in selected minor colostrum fatty acids and several serum metabolic variables. Colostrum yield was not measured; therefore, this finding reflects fat concentration rather than total colostrum fat output. Serum total antioxidant status (TAS) was unaffected, while a treatment-by-time interaction was observed for γ-glutamyl transferase. The tested plant- and insect-derived oils therefore modified ruminal lipid transformations and selected maternal and colostrum traits without a detectable change in TAS.
References: J Dairy Sci. 2025 Mar;108(3):2481-2488. (PMID: 39788194)
Animals (Basel). 2023 Jan 13;13(2):. (PMID: 36670820)
Animals (Basel). 2020 Jul 28;10(8):. (PMID: 32731516)
Animals (Basel). 2026 May 22;16(11):. (PMID: 42278015)
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2007 May;91(4):303-14. (PMID: 17072533)
Animals (Basel). 2023 Dec 18;13(24):. (PMID: 38136925)
Front Microbiol. 2021 Mar 11;12:637220. (PMID: 33776970)
Animal. 2019 May;13(5):992-999. (PMID: 30117411)
J Dairy Sci. 2025 Jun;108(6):5754-5764. (PMID: 40221041)
J Dairy Sci. 2026 Jul;109(7):6993-7003. (PMID: 41966389)
Eur J Med Res. 2023 Jul 18;28(1):240. (PMID: 37464425)
Animal. 2014 Jul;8(7):1178-90. (PMID: 24576480)
Reprod Domest Anim. 2024 Jun;59(6):e14649. (PMID: 38924155)
Front Microbiol. 2018 Jul 03;9:1452. (PMID: 30018607)
Animal. 2015 May;9(5):810-21. (PMID: 25491438)
Sci Rep. 2019 Aug 14;9(1):11857. (PMID: 31413283)
Animals (Basel). 2022 Jul 02;12(13):. (PMID: 35804615)
BMC Vet Res. 2026 May 28;22(1):. (PMID: 42204735)
J Anim Sci. 2008 Feb;86(2):397-412. (PMID: 18042812)
Anim Biotechnol. 2024 Nov;35(1):2320726. (PMID: 38436999)
Molecules. 2026 Jul 28;31(15):. (PMID: 42588476)
Trop Anim Health Prod. 2023 Nov 20;55(6):407. (PMID: 37982945)
Sci Rep. 2020 Jan 31;10(1):1613. (PMID: 32005859)
J Dairy Sci. 2018 Feb;101(2):1136-1151. (PMID: 29224879)
Animal. 2018 Dec;12(s2):s272-s281. (PMID: 30139411)
J Dairy Sci. 2015 Jun;98(6):3706-16. (PMID: 25828655)
Animals (Basel). 2022 Aug 18;12(16):. (PMID: 36009708)
J Dairy Sci. 1999 Aug;82(8):1791-4. (PMID: 10480105)
Anim Biosci. 2022 Feb;35(2):356-363. (PMID: 34991203)
J Appl Microbiol. 2017 Oct;123(4):782-797. (PMID: 28557277)
Waste Manag. 2020 Feb 1;102:40-47. (PMID: 31655329)
J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2024 Nov;108(6):1747-1760. (PMID: 38958108)
Front Nutr. 2022 Oct 19;9:955846. (PMID: 36337624)
Grant Information: N070/0009/23 Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: antioxidant status; black soldier fly larvae oil; fatty acids; flaxseed oil; methane concentration; prolific ewes; rumen fermentation; sheep colostrum; transition period
Substance Nomenclature: 8001-26-1 (Linseed Oil)
0 (Antioxidants)
0 (Fatty Acids, Omega-3)
0 (Fatty Acids, Omega-6)
0 (Fatty Acids)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260926 Date Completed: 20260926 Latest Revision: 20260929
Update Code: 20260929
PubMed Central ID: PMC13607249
DOI: 10.3390/ijms27188111
PMID: 42794542
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: Low n-3/High n-6 Flaxseed and Hermetia illucens Larvae Oils as Feed Materials: Effects on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Maternal Metabolism, Antioxidant Status and Colostrum in Prolific Ewes.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Lewandowska+K%22&quot;&gt;Lewandowska K&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 38c, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Pachura-Hanusek+N%22&quot;&gt;Pachura-Hanusek N&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 38c, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Burek+A%22&quot;&gt;Burek A&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 38c, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Szumny+A%22&quot;&gt;Szumny A&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida St. 27, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Kupczyński+R%22&quot;&gt;Kupczyński R&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 38c, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL; Hermetia illucens) oil and flaxseed oil provide contrasting fatty acid profiles and may serve as alternative lipid feed materials in ruminant nutrition. This study assessed low-α-linolenic/high-linoleic flaxseed oil, BSFL oil, and their blends using an in vitro rumen fermentation screening with pooled bovine rumen inoculum and a randomized prepartum feeding trial in 32 twin- or triplet-bearing Olkuska ewes. In vitro, the single oils and a 1:1 blend were evaluated at two inclusion levels; total VFA concentration was unchanged, whereas propionate proportion, the acetate-to-propionate ratio, methane, ammonia, and incubation-fluid fatty acid profiles showed treatment-dependent responses. In vivo, an unsupplemented control was compared with flaxseed oil, BSFL oil, and a 2:1 blend supplied at 30 g/day for 21 days before expected parturition. Colostrum fat concentration differed among treatments (p = 0.036); the 2:1 blend group had a higher value than the control group (11.29% vs. 8.26%; Dunnett-adjusted p &amp;lt; 0.05), while major fatty acid classes did not differ. Supplementation was also associated with differences in selected minor colostrum fatty acids and several serum metabolic variables. Colostrum yield was not measured; therefore, this finding reflects fat concentration rather than total colostrum fat output. Serum total antioxidant status (TAS) was unaffected, while a treatment-by-time interaction was observed for γ-glutamyl transferase. The tested plant- and insect-derived oils therefore modified ruminal lipid transformations and selected maternal and colostrum traits without a detectable change in TAS.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
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  Data: N070/0009/23 Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Keywords: &lt;/i&gt;antioxidant status; black soldier fly larvae oil; fatty acids; flaxseed oil; methane concentration; prolific ewes; rumen fermentation; sheep colostrum; transition period
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  Data: 8001-26-1 (Linseed Oil)&lt;br /&gt;0 (Antioxidants)&lt;br /&gt;0 (Fatty Acids, Omega-3)&lt;br /&gt;0 (Fatty Acids, Omega-6)&lt;br /&gt;0 (Fatty Acids)
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        Value: 10.3390/ijms27188111
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Larva chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fatty Acids metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Animals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Female
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fermentation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sheep
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pregnancy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rumen metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Animal Feed analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Linseed Oil chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Linseed Oil pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Colostrum metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Antioxidants metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Diptera chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fatty Acids, Omega-3
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fatty Acids, Omega-6
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Low n-3/High n-6 Flaxseed and Hermetia illucens Larvae Oils as Feed Materials: Effects on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Maternal Metabolism, Antioxidant Status and Colostrum in Prolific Ewes.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Lewandowska K
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Pachura-Hanusek N
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Burek A
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Szumny A
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Kupczyński R
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 11
              M: 09
              Text: 2026 Sep 11
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1422-0067
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 27
            – Type: issue
              Value: 18
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: International journal of molecular sciences
              Type: main
ResultId 1