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Characteristics of Biodegradable Car Shampoos in Terms of Performance and Environmental Properties.

Bibliographic Details
Title: Characteristics of Biodegradable Car Shampoos in Terms of Performance and Environmental Properties.
Authors: Woźniak B; Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland., Marzec M; Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland., Kempiński M; Department of Experimental Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland., Wawrzyńczak A; Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland., Nowak I; Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
Source: International journal of molecular sciences [Int J Mol Sci] 2026 Sep 10; Vol. 27 (18). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 10.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101092791 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1422-0067 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14220067 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Mol Sci Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : MDPI, [2000-
MeSH Terms: Detergents*/chemistry , Cosmetics*/chemistry , Automobiles*, Biodegradation, Environmental ; Humans ; Surface Tension
Abstract: The developing chemical industry increasingly emphasizes environmentally friendly products. As consumers' environmental awareness grows, so do their expectations of cleaning products, which must not only maintain high cleaning efficacy but also be safe for both humans and the environment. However, previous studies have not evaluated biodegradability potential alongside chemical integrity, preservation efficacy, packaging stability, interfacial performance, and consumer acceptance within a unified framework. The aim of this study was to analyze two proprietary formulations of car shampoo concentrates. Both products were assessed for basic physicochemical parameters and analyzed using chromatographic techniques, which revealed no presence of by-products or harmful substances. Subsequently, compatibility tests were conducted with PET bottles, monitoring mass loss, pH, viscosity, turbidity, and fluorescent polymer content over several months. In addition, surface tension analysis was performed using the Wilhelmy plate method, and biodegradability tests were conducted in accordance with OECD 301B in an aquatic environment, yielding 100% potential biodegradation results for both shampoos. Finally, a consumer analysis was also carried out, based on which a formulation with more favorable performance properties was selected. The integrated results provide system-level evidence that environmental performance can coexist with formulation robustness and consumer usability.
References: Heliyon. 2020 May 13;6(5):e03952. (PMID: 32426547)
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Nov 23;1508(1-2):235-51. (PMID: 11090828)
Heliyon. 2024 Sep 23;10(19):e38325. (PMID: 39398011)
J Appl Microbiol. 2022 Sep;133(3):1229-1244. (PMID: 35598183)
Molecules. 2019 Mar 28;24(7):. (PMID: 30925777)
Molecules. 2018 Jun 28;23(7):. (PMID: 29958439)
Foods. 2024 Sep 30;13(19):. (PMID: 39410160)
Contact Dermatitis. 2009 Feb;60(2):70-8. (PMID: 19207376)
Chemosphere. 2024 Aug;361:142538. (PMID: 38844102)
Talanta. 2012 Jan 15;88:1-13. (PMID: 22265464)
Biomed Res Int. 2023 Apr 13;2023:2375223. (PMID: 37090190)
Environ Int. 2006 Apr;32(3):417-31. (PMID: 16125241)
Talanta. 2021 Sep 1;232:122441. (PMID: 34074426)
Water Sci Technol. 2013;67(1):82-8. (PMID: 23128624)
Grant Information: DWD/6/0338/2022 Ministry of Science and Higher Education
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: biodegradability testing; biodegradable products; car cosmetics; chromatographic analysis; consumer tests; environmental chemistry; formulation stability; shampoos; surface tension
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Detergents)
0 (Cosmetics)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260926 Date Completed: 20260926 Latest Revision: 20260929
Update Code: 20260929
PubMed Central ID: PMC13606842
DOI: 10.3390/ijms27188050
PMID: 42794480
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: Characteristics of Biodegradable Car Shampoos in Terms of Performance and Environmental Properties.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Woźniak+B%22">Woźniak B</searchLink>; Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Marzec+M%22">Marzec M</searchLink>; Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kempiński+M%22">Kempiński M</searchLink>; Department of Experimental Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wawrzyńczak+A%22">Wawrzyńczak A</searchLink>; Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nowak+I%22">Nowak I</searchLink>; Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22101092791%22">International journal of molecular sciences</searchLink> [Int J Mol Sci] 2026 Sep 10; Vol. 27 (18). <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Sep 10.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Detergents%22">Detergents*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Detergents+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Cosmetics%22">Cosmetics*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Cosmetics+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Automobiles%22">Automobiles*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Biodegradation%2C+Environmental%22">Biodegradation, Environmental</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Surface+Tension%22">Surface Tension</searchLink>
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  Data: The developing chemical industry increasingly emphasizes environmentally friendly products. As consumers' environmental awareness grows, so do their expectations of cleaning products, which must not only maintain high cleaning efficacy but also be safe for both humans and the environment. However, previous studies have not evaluated biodegradability potential alongside chemical integrity, preservation efficacy, packaging stability, interfacial performance, and consumer acceptance within a unified framework. The aim of this study was to analyze two proprietary formulations of car shampoo concentrates. Both products were assessed for basic physicochemical parameters and analyzed using chromatographic techniques, which revealed no presence of by-products or harmful substances. Subsequently, compatibility tests were conducted with PET bottles, monitoring mass loss, pH, viscosity, turbidity, and fluorescent polymer content over several months. In addition, surface tension analysis was performed using the Wilhelmy plate method, and biodegradability tests were conducted in accordance with OECD 301B in an aquatic environment, yielding 100% potential biodegradation results for both shampoos. Finally, a consumer analysis was also carried out, based on which a formulation with more favorable performance properties was selected. The integrated results provide system-level evidence that environmental performance can coexist with formulation robustness and consumer usability.
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  Data: Heliyon. 2020 May 13;6(5):e03952. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232426547%22">32426547)</searchLink><br />Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Nov 23;1508(1-2):235-51. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2211090828%22">11090828)</searchLink><br />Heliyon. 2024 Sep 23;10(19):e38325. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239398011%22">39398011)</searchLink><br />J Appl Microbiol. 2022 Sep;133(3):1229-1244. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235598183%22">35598183)</searchLink><br />Molecules. 2019 Mar 28;24(7):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230925777%22">30925777)</searchLink><br />Molecules. 2018 Jun 28;23(7):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229958439%22">29958439)</searchLink><br />Foods. 2024 Sep 30;13(19):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239410160%22">39410160)</searchLink><br />Contact Dermatitis. 2009 Feb;60(2):70-8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219207376%22">19207376)</searchLink><br />Chemosphere. 2024 Aug;361:142538. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238844102%22">38844102)</searchLink><br />Talanta. 2012 Jan 15;88:1-13. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222265464%22">22265464)</searchLink><br />Biomed Res Int. 2023 Apr 13;2023:2375223. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237090190%22">37090190)</searchLink><br />Environ Int. 2006 Apr;32(3):417-31. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216125241%22">16125241)</searchLink><br />Talanta. 2021 Sep 1;232:122441. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234074426%22">34074426)</searchLink><br />Water Sci Technol. 2013;67(1):82-8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223128624%22">23128624)</searchLink>
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>biodegradability testing; biodegradable products; car cosmetics; chromatographic analysis; consumer tests; environmental chemistry; formulation stability; shampoos; surface tension
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