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Surveillance of zoonotic respiratory viral infections in animal farms: a model project with a focus on One Health approach-A study protocol.

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Τίτλος: Surveillance of zoonotic respiratory viral infections in animal farms: a model project with a focus on One Health approach-A study protocol.
Συγγραφείς: Natarajan S; Department of Virology and Biotechnology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chetpet/Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.; Virus Research and Diagnostic Lab (VRDL), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Tiruvallur, Tamil Nadu, India., Selvaraju S; Department of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chetpet/Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India., Palaniyandi K; Department of Immunology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chetpet/Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India., Vetrivel U; Department of Virology and Biotechnology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chetpet/Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India., Hilda JN; Department of Virology and Biotechnology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chetpet/Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.; Virus Research and Diagnostic Lab (VRDL), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Tiruvallur, Tamil Nadu, India., Thiruvengadam K; Epid-Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chetpet/Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India., Balakrishnan SK; Epid-Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chetpet/Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India., Chandrasekaran P; Department of Clinical Research, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chetpet/Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India., Hanna LE; Department of Virology and Biotechnology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chetpet/Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.; Virus Research and Diagnostic Lab (VRDL), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Tiruvallur, Tamil Nadu, India.
Πηγή: Frontiers in public health [Front Public Health] 2026 Sep 10; Vol. 14, pp. 1854395. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 10 (Print Publication: 2026).
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Frontiers Editorial Office Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101616579 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2296-2565 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 22962565 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Front Public Health Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Lausanne : Frontiers Editorial Office
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Respiratory Tract Infections*/epidemiology , Respiratory Tract Infections*/virology , Respiratory Tract Infections*/veterinary , Zoonoses*/epidemiology , Viral Zoonoses*/epidemiology , One Health* , Farms*, India/epidemiology ; Livestock/virology ; Animals ; Humans ; Cattle ; Animal Husbandry ; Population Surveillance ; Swine
Περίληψη: Background: The One Health approach recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health in addressing the growing threat of zoonotic diseases. This study aims to establish an integrated One Health surveillance system for the early detection and monitoring of zoonotic respiratory viral infections at the human-animal-environment interface in Tiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu, India.
Objectives: The study aims to establish a longitudinal surveillance system for the early detection of emerging and re-emerging zoonotic respiratory viral infections across livestock animals, animal handlers, and the farm environment interface; and ii) determine the occurrence and distribution of selected zoonotic respiratory viruses, and assess the influence of seasonal and climatic factors on their occurrence and transmission.
Methods: Following sensitization of farm owners and animal handlers through the Animal Husbandry Department, 40 livestock farms from four selected blocks of Tiruvallur District, rearing cattle, buffalo, goats, sheep, swine, and poultry, will be enrolled in each surveillance round. Animal nasal swabs, respiratory samples from animal handlers, and environmental samples (air and wastewater) will be collected. Field surveillance will be carried out by a study team comprising a veterinarian and field investigators. Sixteen surveillance rounds (eight rounds annually) will be conducted over 2 years, covering two complete climatic cycles. Approximately 7,360 animal swab samples, 960 samples from animal handlers, and 960 environmental samples will be collected in each study phase. Animal samples will be screened using a pooled testing strategy followed by real-time RT-PCR for the detection of selected zoonotic respiratory viruses, while human samples will be tested individually.
Expected Outcomes: The study is expected to establish a robust One Health surveillance framework and generate baseline epidemiological data on zoonotic respiratory viruses circulating among livestock, animal handlers, and the farm environment in Tamil Nadu. The findings will strengthen integrated surveillance, support early warning systems, facilitate timely veterinary and public health responses, and provide evidence to inform future One Health policies and preparedness strategies for emerging zoonotic respiratory viral infections.
(Copyright © 2026 Natarajan, Selvaraju, Palaniyandi, Vetrivel, Hilda, Thiruvengadam, Balakrishnan, Chandrasekaran and Hanna.)
Competing Interests: The author(s) declared that this work was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The authors LH and SS declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.
References: Indian J Community Med. 2020 Mar;45(Suppl 1):S1-S2. (PMID: 32476730)
Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2019 Jul;13(4):415-425. (PMID: 30884184)
Emerg Infect Dis. 2024 Aug;30(8):1710-1713. (PMID: 38986151)
Microorganisms. 2021 Oct 15;9(10):. (PMID: 34683475)
EFSA J. 2023 Feb 26;21(2):e07822. (PMID: 36860662)
Front Genet. 2024 Nov 11;15:1492752. (PMID: 39588519)
Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Jan;21(1):18-19. (PMID: 33227234)
PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e36374. (PMID: 22623954)
Indian J Community Med. 2020 Mar;45(Suppl 1):S6-S8. (PMID: 32476732)
Euro Surveill. 2017 Mar 30;22(13):. (PMID: 28382917)
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Nov 13;8(11):e3257. (PMID: 25393303)
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021 Oct;101(2):115432. (PMID: 34175613)
Vaccine. 2013 Nov 4;31(46):5321-38. (PMID: 24060567)
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013 Jan;26(1):135-62. (PMID: 23297263)
Virol J. 2025 May 20;22(1):150. (PMID: 40394641)
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Sep 1;785:147270. (PMID: 33940413)
Iran J Vet Res. 2025;25(4):361-367. (PMID: 40386104)
Nature. 2008 Feb 21;451(7181):990-3. (PMID: 18288193)
Indian J Med Res. 2019 Apr;149(4):447-467. (PMID: 31411169)
Clin Chem. 2009 Apr;55(4):611-22. (PMID: 19246619)
Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022 Mar;28(3):451.e1-451.e4. (PMID: 34920116)
Virus Res. 2022 Jan 15;308:198632. (PMID: 34793872)
Indian J Med Res. 2021 May&Jun;153(5&6):577-584. (PMID: 34643566)
Bioinformatics. 2014 Aug 1;30(15):2114-20. (PMID: 24695404)
J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Sep;43(9):4551-7. (PMID: 16145106)
Pathogens. 2021 Feb 08;10(2):. (PMID: 33567598)
Microorganisms. 2022 Jul 24;10(8):. (PMID: 35893545)
Western Pac Surveill Response J. 2011 Mar 24;2(1):6-9. (PMID: 23908877)
J Hosp Infect. 2020 Sep;106(1):102-106. (PMID: 32593608)
Methods Protoc. 2021 Feb 23;4(1):. (PMID: 33672247)
PLoS One. 2020 Nov 4;15(11):e0240652. (PMID: 33147228)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: One Health; animal farms; animal handlers; human-animal-environment interface; pooled testing; respiratory viral infection; surveillance; zoonotic viruses
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260925 Date Completed: 20260925 Latest Revision: 20260926
Update Code: 20260926
PubMed Central ID: PMC13601349
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1854395
PMID: 42787270
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Surveillance of zoonotic respiratory viral infections in animal farms: a model project with a focus on One Health approach-A study protocol.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Natarajan+S%22">Natarajan S</searchLink>; Department of Virology and Biotechnology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chetpet/Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.; Virus Research and Diagnostic Lab (VRDL), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Tiruvallur, Tamil Nadu, India.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Selvaraju+S%22">Selvaraju S</searchLink>; Department of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chetpet/Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Palaniyandi+K%22">Palaniyandi K</searchLink>; Department of Immunology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chetpet/Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Vetrivel+U%22">Vetrivel U</searchLink>; Department of Virology and Biotechnology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chetpet/Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hilda+JN%22">Hilda JN</searchLink>; Department of Virology and Biotechnology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chetpet/Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.; Virus Research and Diagnostic Lab (VRDL), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Tiruvallur, Tamil Nadu, India.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Thiruvengadam+K%22">Thiruvengadam K</searchLink>; Epid-Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chetpet/Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Balakrishnan+SK%22">Balakrishnan SK</searchLink>; Epid-Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chetpet/Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chandrasekaran+P%22">Chandrasekaran P</searchLink>; Department of Clinical Research, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chetpet/Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hanna+LE%22">Hanna LE</searchLink>; Department of Virology and Biotechnology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chetpet/Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.; Virus Research and Diagnostic Lab (VRDL), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Tiruvallur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Respiratory+Tract+Infections%22">Respiratory Tract Infections*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Respiratory+Tract+Infections+epidemiology%22">epidemiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Respiratory+Tract+Infections%22">Respiratory Tract Infections*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Respiratory+Tract+Infections+virology%22">virology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Respiratory+Tract+Infections%22">Respiratory Tract Infections*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Respiratory+Tract+Infections+veterinary%22">veterinary</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Zoonoses%22">Zoonoses*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Zoonoses+epidemiology%22">epidemiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Viral+Zoonoses%22">Viral Zoonoses*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Viral+Zoonoses+epidemiology%22">epidemiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22One+Health%22">One Health*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Farms%22">Farms*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22India%22">India</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22India+epidemiology%22">epidemiology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Livestock%22">Livestock</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Livestock+virology%22">virology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Animals%22">Animals</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Cattle%22">Cattle</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Animal+Husbandry%22">Animal Husbandry</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Population+Surveillance%22">Population Surveillance</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Swine%22">Swine</searchLink>
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  Data: Background: The One Health approach recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health in addressing the growing threat of zoonotic diseases. This study aims to establish an integrated One Health surveillance system for the early detection and monitoring of zoonotic respiratory viral infections at the human-animal-environment interface in Tiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu, India.<br />Objectives: The study aims to establish a longitudinal surveillance system for the early detection of emerging and re-emerging zoonotic respiratory viral infections across livestock animals, animal handlers, and the farm environment interface; and ii) determine the occurrence and distribution of selected zoonotic respiratory viruses, and assess the influence of seasonal and climatic factors on their occurrence and transmission.<br />Methods: Following sensitization of farm owners and animal handlers through the Animal Husbandry Department, 40 livestock farms from four selected blocks of Tiruvallur District, rearing cattle, buffalo, goats, sheep, swine, and poultry, will be enrolled in each surveillance round. Animal nasal swabs, respiratory samples from animal handlers, and environmental samples (air and wastewater) will be collected. Field surveillance will be carried out by a study team comprising a veterinarian and field investigators. Sixteen surveillance rounds (eight rounds annually) will be conducted over 2 years, covering two complete climatic cycles. Approximately 7,360 animal swab samples, 960 samples from animal handlers, and 960 environmental samples will be collected in each study phase. Animal samples will be screened using a pooled testing strategy followed by real-time RT-PCR for the detection of selected zoonotic respiratory viruses, while human samples will be tested individually.<br />Expected Outcomes: The study is expected to establish a robust One Health surveillance framework and generate baseline epidemiological data on zoonotic respiratory viruses circulating among livestock, animal handlers, and the farm environment in Tamil Nadu. The findings will strengthen integrated surveillance, support early warning systems, facilitate timely veterinary and public health responses, and provide evidence to inform future One Health policies and preparedness strategies for emerging zoonotic respiratory viral infections.<br /> (Copyright © 2026 Natarajan, Selvaraju, Palaniyandi, Vetrivel, Hilda, Thiruvengadam, Balakrishnan, Chandrasekaran and Hanna.)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: The author(s) declared that this work was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The authors LH and SS declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: Indian J Community Med. 2020 Mar;45(Suppl 1):S1-S2. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232476730%22">32476730)</searchLink><br />Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2019 Jul;13(4):415-425. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230884184%22">30884184)</searchLink><br />Emerg Infect Dis. 2024 Aug;30(8):1710-1713. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238986151%22">38986151)</searchLink><br />Microorganisms. 2021 Oct 15;9(10):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234683475%22">34683475)</searchLink><br />EFSA J. 2023 Feb 26;21(2):e07822. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236860662%22">36860662)</searchLink><br />Front Genet. 2024 Nov 11;15:1492752. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239588519%22">39588519)</searchLink><br />Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Jan;21(1):18-19. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233227234%22">33227234)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e36374. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222623954%22">22623954)</searchLink><br />Indian J Community Med. 2020 Mar;45(Suppl 1):S6-S8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232476732%22">32476732)</searchLink><br />Euro Surveill. 2017 Mar 30;22(13):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228382917%22">28382917)</searchLink><br />PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Nov 13;8(11):e3257. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225393303%22">25393303)</searchLink><br />Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021 Oct;101(2):115432. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234175613%22">34175613)</searchLink><br />Vaccine. 2013 Nov 4;31(46):5321-38. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224060567%22">24060567)</searchLink><br />Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013 Jan;26(1):135-62. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223297263%22">23297263)</searchLink><br />Virol J. 2025 May 20;22(1):150. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240394641%22">40394641)</searchLink><br />Sci Total Environ. 2021 Sep 1;785:147270. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233940413%22">33940413)</searchLink><br />Iran J Vet Res. 2025;25(4):361-367. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240386104%22">40386104)</searchLink><br />Nature. 2008 Feb 21;451(7181):990-3. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2218288193%22">18288193)</searchLink><br />Indian J Med Res. 2019 Apr;149(4):447-467. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231411169%22">31411169)</searchLink><br />Clin Chem. 2009 Apr;55(4):611-22. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219246619%22">19246619)</searchLink><br />Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022 Mar;28(3):451.e1-451.e4. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234920116%22">34920116)</searchLink><br />Virus Res. 2022 Jan 15;308:198632. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234793872%22">34793872)</searchLink><br />Indian J Med Res. 2021 May&Jun;153(5&6):577-584. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234643566%22">34643566)</searchLink><br />Bioinformatics. 2014 Aug 1;30(15):2114-20. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224695404%22">24695404)</searchLink><br />J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Sep;43(9):4551-7. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216145106%22">16145106)</searchLink><br />Pathogens. 2021 Feb 08;10(2):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233567598%22">33567598)</searchLink><br />Microorganisms. 2022 Jul 24;10(8):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235893545%22">35893545)</searchLink><br />Western Pac Surveill Response J. 2011 Mar 24;2(1):6-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223908877%22">23908877)</searchLink><br />J Hosp Infect. 2020 Sep;106(1):102-106. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232593608%22">32593608)</searchLink><br />Methods Protoc. 2021 Feb 23;4(1):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233672247%22">33672247)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2020 Nov 4;15(11):e0240652. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233147228%22">33147228)</searchLink>
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    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: India epidemiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Livestock virology
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      – SubjectFull: Animals
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      – TitleFull: Surveillance of zoonotic respiratory viral infections in animal farms: a model project with a focus on One Health approach-A study protocol.
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Chandrasekaran P
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Hanna LE
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 10
              M: 09
              Text: 2026 Sep 10
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 2296-2565
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 14
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Frontiers in public health
              Type: main
ResultId 1