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The Evolution of Next-Generation Glucose Monitoring Systems: Developments from Conventional Diagnostics to Wearable and Continuous Sensing Platforms-A Narrative Review.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος: The Evolution of Next-Generation Glucose Monitoring Systems: Developments from Conventional Diagnostics to Wearable and Continuous Sensing Platforms-A Narrative Review.
Συγγραφείς: Prabhu SN; Biomedical Science & Engineering Programme, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China.
Πηγή: Biosensors [Biosensors (Basel)] 2026 Sep 20; Vol. 16 (9). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 20.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article; Review
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: MDPI Pub Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101609191 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2079-6374 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20796374 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Biosensors (Basel) Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : MDPI Pub.
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Biosensing Techniques* , Wearable Electronic Devices* , Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring*, Blood Glucose/analysis ; Glucose/analysis ; Humans ; Continuous Glucose Monitoring
Περίληψη: For the diagnosis of diabetes, glycemic control, treatment modification, and the avoidance of both acute and long-term consequences, accurate glucose monitoring is crucial. This study examines the development of glucose-monitoring systems, from traditional diagnostic tests and finger-prick electrochemical glucometers to wearable, continuous, minimally invasive, and non-invasive sensing platforms. Major invasive technologies, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors, microdialysis systems, hexokinase-based photometric assays, and field-effect transistor biosensors, are critically evaluated. The ability of minimally invasive methods to access interstitial fluid with less pain is discussed, including fluorescence probes, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and microneedle arrays. Emerging non-invasive approaches are also evaluated. These include reverse iontophoresis, optical coherence tomography, infrared and photoacoustic spectroscopy, microwave resonators, smart contact lenses, and AI-assisted wearable systems. Finally, the review identifies major barriers related to sensitivity, selectivity, calibration, biofouling, biocompatibility, physiological variability, and clinical translation. It also outlines opportunities for intelligent, painless, and patient-centered glucose monitoring.
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Grant Information: Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: artificial intelligence-assisted wearable technology; continuous glucose monitoring; diabetes diagnosis; electrochemical sensors; finger-prick electrochemical glucometers; glucose monitoring; glycemic control; minimally invasive sensing; non-invasive sensing; wearable sensors
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Blood Glucose)
IY9XDZ35W2 (Glucose)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260924 Date Completed: 20260924 Latest Revision: 20260926
Update Code: 20260926
PubMed Central ID: PMC13604579
DOI: 10.3390/bios16090525
PMID: 42783192
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: The Evolution of Next-Generation Glucose Monitoring Systems: Developments from Conventional Diagnostics to Wearable and Continuous Sensing Platforms-A Narrative Review.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Prabhu+SN%22">Prabhu SN</searchLink>; Biomedical Science & Engineering Programme, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China.
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  Data: For the diagnosis of diabetes, glycemic control, treatment modification, and the avoidance of both acute and long-term consequences, accurate glucose monitoring is crucial. This study examines the development of glucose-monitoring systems, from traditional diagnostic tests and finger-prick electrochemical glucometers to wearable, continuous, minimally invasive, and non-invasive sensing platforms. Major invasive technologies, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors, microdialysis systems, hexokinase-based photometric assays, and field-effect transistor biosensors, are critically evaluated. The ability of minimally invasive methods to access interstitial fluid with less pain is discussed, including fluorescence probes, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and microneedle arrays. Emerging non-invasive approaches are also evaluated. These include reverse iontophoresis, optical coherence tomography, infrared and photoacoustic spectroscopy, microwave resonators, smart contact lenses, and AI-assisted wearable systems. Finally, the review identifies major barriers related to sensitivity, selectivity, calibration, biofouling, biocompatibility, physiological variability, and clinical translation. It also outlines opportunities for intelligent, painless, and patient-centered glucose monitoring.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
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  Label: Grant Information
  Group: Grant
  Data: Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen
– Name: SubjectMinor
  Label: Contributed Indexing
  Group:
  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>artificial intelligence-assisted wearable technology; continuous glucose monitoring; diabetes diagnosis; electrochemical sensors; finger-prick electrochemical glucometers; glucose monitoring; glycemic control; minimally invasive sensing; non-invasive sensing; wearable sensors
– Name: NumberCAS
  Label: Substance Nomenclature
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  Data: 0 (Blood Glucose)<br />IY9XDZ35W2 (Glucose)
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date(s)
  Group: Date
  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260924 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260924 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260926
– Name: DateUpdate
  Label: Update Code
  Group: Date
  Data: 20260926
– Name: PubmedCentralID
  Label: PubMed Central ID
  Group: ID
  Data: PMC13604579
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.3390/bios16090525
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  Data: 42783192
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42783192
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/bios16090525
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Blood Glucose analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Glucose analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Humans
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Continuous Glucose Monitoring
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Biosensing Techniques
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Wearable Electronic Devices
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: The Evolution of Next-Generation Glucose Monitoring Systems: Developments from Conventional Diagnostics to Wearable and Continuous Sensing Platforms-A Narrative Review.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Prabhu SN
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          Dates:
            – D: 20
              M: 09
              Text: 2026 Sep 20
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 2079-6374
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              Value: 16
            – Type: issue
              Value: 9
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Biosensors
              Type: main
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