Academic Journal
The play fever: individual and group factors influence the contagion of play behaviour within social hominid groups.
| Τίτλος: | The play fever: individual and group factors influence the contagion of play behaviour within social hominid groups. |
|---|---|
| Συγγραφείς: | Norscia I; Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino , Torino, Italy., Collarini E; Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino , Torino, Italy., Cordoni G; Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino , Torino, Italy. |
| Πηγή: | Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences [Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci] 2026 Sep 24; Vol. 381 (1959). |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: Royal Society Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 7503623 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1471-2970 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09628436 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: London : Royal Society, 1934- |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Play and Playthings*/psychology , Pan paniscus*/psychology , Pan troglodytes*/psychology , Gorilla gorilla*/psychology , Social Behavior* , Behavior, Animal* , Imitative Behavior*, Animals ; Female ; Male |
| Περίληψη: | Via the perception-action model and mirror neuron system, individuals replicate others' behaviour (behavioural/social contagion) and reduce prediction errors on other behaviours. Among contagious behaviours, play offers a safe context for cooperation, competition and tolerance. Thus, play contagion is interesting to better understand the evolution of social dynamics in many non-primates and primates, including humans. To our knowledge, no study has examined play contagion across social hominids nor analysed individual/group features to identify common modulators. In 2022-2025, we gathered all-occurrences data on play, affiliative and agonistic patterns in social hominids (two groups of captive chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas; and two toddler classes of ≤ 3 years and their educators). In the 3 min period, we checked if individuals not involved in play would start playing either after the onset of a trigger play session (post-play (PP)) or in absence of any previous play session (matched-control). Play occurrence was highest during PP, informing play contagion. Contagion increased with higher male-to-female, immature-to-adult and affiliative-to-agonistic interaction ratios. Males, youngsters and individuals that were in trigger proximity (≤ 10 m) showed the highest contagion. Shared across social hominids, play contagion and its common modulators might trace back to their last common ancestor, underlying the transmission of behaviour, and possible underlying emotions, within groups. This article is part of the theme issue 'Mechanisms, development, phylogeny and functions of emotional expressions'. (© 2026 The Authors.) |
| References: | Q Rev Biol. 2001 Jun;76(2):141-68. (PMID: 11409050) Animals (Basel). 2020 Feb 14;10(2):. (PMID: 32075034) Behav Processes. 2019 Mar;160:1-9. (PMID: 30650340) Behav Processes. 2024 Sep;221:105092. (PMID: 39209084) Animals (Basel). 2022 Aug 22;12(16):. (PMID: 36009741) Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2026 Sep 24;381(1959):. (PMID: 42779430) PLoS One. 2013 Oct 16;8(10):e76266. (PMID: 24146848) Am J Primatol. 2017 Dec;79(12):. (PMID: 29168188) Am J Primatol. 2024 Oct;86(10):e23671. (PMID: 39148223) Anim Cogn. 2021 Jul;24(4):717-729. (PMID: 33420859) Am J Primatol. 2023 Sep;85(9):e23537. (PMID: 37461284) Proc Biol Sci. 2018 Dec 19;285(1893):20181964. (PMID: 30963904) Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020 Apr;111:149-165. (PMID: 31972204) Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2012;22(3):276-82. (PMID: 23092060) Am J Primatol. 2022 Sep;84(9):e23419. (PMID: 35848310) Child Dev. 2010 Sep-Oct;81(5):1620-31. (PMID: 20840244) PLoS One. 2013 Nov 05;8(11):e79290. (PMID: 24223924) Primates. 2022 May;63(3):225-235. (PMID: 35192080) Am J Primatol. 2005 Jun;66(2):131-44. (PMID: 15940706) Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2026 Jan;180:106489. (PMID: 41275994) Pediatrics. 2007 Jan;119(1):182-91. (PMID: 17200287) Sci Rep. 2022 Jul 1;12(1):11138. (PMID: 35778535) Curr Biol. 2017 Mar 20;27(6):R213-R214. (PMID: 28324733) Am J Primatol. 2020 May;82(5):e23123. (PMID: 32187394) Emotion. 2019 Jun;19(4):665-681. (PMID: 29999385) Science. 2010 Sep 3;329(5996):1194-7. (PMID: 20813952) Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 2011 Jan;65(1):47-55. (PMID: 21297852) Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017 Aug;18(8):498-509. (PMID: 28655877) R Soc Open Sci. 2021 Jan 13;8(1):201538. (PMID: 33614085) Int J Primatol. 2024;45(4):739-773. (PMID: 39184232) Physiol Behav. 1999 Oct;67(4):475-82. (PMID: 10549884) Am J Phys Anthropol. 2006 Mar;129(3):418-26. (PMID: 16323189) PLoS One. 2024 Nov 20;19(11):e0312467. (PMID: 39565730) PLoS One. 2013 Nov 27;8(11):e79600. (PMID: 24312184) Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1998;23(1):87-101. (PMID: 9861614) Am J Primatol. 2022 Mar;84(3):e23366. (PMID: 35098561) PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e49613. (PMID: 23166729) Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017 Dec;18(12):769. (PMID: 29097788) Front Psychol. 2020 Apr 03;11:442. (PMID: 32317997) Cleve Clin J Med. 2009 Apr;76 Suppl 2:S86-90. (PMID: 19376991) Biom J. 2008 Jun;50(3):346-63. (PMID: 18481363) Behav Brain Sci. 2002 Feb;25(1):1-20; discussion 20-71. (PMID: 12625087) R Soc Open Sci. 2016 Feb 03;3(2):150459. (PMID: 26998318) PLoS One. 2014 Mar 14;9(3):e91773. (PMID: 24632594) Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2025 Jun;173:106156. (PMID: 40250542) Curr Zool. 2024 Mar 11;70(6):765-779. (PMID: 39678814) Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017 Sep;80:573-585. (PMID: 28735879) Curr Biol. 2015 Jan 5;25(1):R24-7. (PMID: 25562296) Behav Brain Res. 1992 Sep 28;50(1-2):135-45. (PMID: 1449641) Am J Primatol. 2020 Jul;82(7):e23138. (PMID: 32333423) PeerJ. 2018 Jul 31;6:e5303. (PMID: 30083451) Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2023 Aug;151:105232. (PMID: 37182799) Am J Primatol. 2024 Nov;86(11):e23678. (PMID: 39107976) Hum Nat. 2025 Mar;36(1):70-97. (PMID: 40080328) J Hum Evol. 2007 Mar;52(3):275-93. (PMID: 17083968) Front Hum Neurosci. 2013 May 07;7:122. (PMID: 23675331) PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40697. (PMID: 22808234) Trends Ecol Evol. 2024 May;39(5):456-466. (PMID: 38302324) Sci Rep. 2023 May 24;13(1):8367. (PMID: 37225745) Am J Phys Anthropol. 2013 Oct;152(2):165-72. (PMID: 23907657) PLoS One. 2011 Apr 06;6(4):e18283. (PMID: 21494669) Animals (Basel). 2024 Sep 25;14(19):. (PMID: 39409718) PeerJ. 2020 Dec 4;8:e10387. (PMID: 33335808) Nat Commun. 2022 Mar 17;13(1):1442. (PMID: 35301305) Sci Rep. 2020 Dec 17;10(1):22251. (PMID: 33335177) Animals (Basel). 2022 Sep 14;12(18):. (PMID: 36139279) Dev Psychobiol. 2007 May;49(4):433-45. (PMID: 17455241) Hum Nat. 2021 Jun;32(2):301-325. (PMID: 34255275) Exp Brain Res. 2010 Jan;200(3-4):223-37. (PMID: 19760408) Am J Phys Anthropol. 2021 May;175(1):268-281. (PMID: 33713419) PLoS One. 2015 Oct 07;10(10):e0139909. (PMID: 26444011) Sci Rep. 2019 Sep 13;9(1):13271. (PMID: 31519942) PLoS One. 2011;6(11):e27344. (PMID: 22110630) Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2025 Jan;168:105950. (PMID: 39580008) PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28472. (PMID: 22163307) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Nov 17;106(46):19262-7. (PMID: 19889980) Behaviour. 1974;49(3):227-67. (PMID: 4597405) Sci Rep. 2024 Nov 4;14(1):26672. (PMID: 39496688) Q Rev Biol. 1986 Dec;61(4):459-79. (PMID: 3543991) |
| Grant Information: | 2020.1955 Fondazione CRT; University of Torino (DBIOS); NORI_RILO; CUP: D53C24004770006 Italian Ministry of University and Research; MUR; 2022ZZAZKW Ministry COD |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: apes; behavioural contagion; empathy; hominids; motor replication |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260924 Date Completed: 20260924 Latest Revision: 20260926 |
| Update Code: | 20260926 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC13601880 |
| DOI: | 10.1098/rstb.2025.0144 |
| PMID: | 42779430 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
| FullText | Text: Availability: 0 |
|---|---|
| Header | DbId: cmedm DbLabel: MEDLINE An: 42779430 AccessLevel: 3 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
| IllustrationInfo | |
| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: The play fever: individual and group factors influence the contagion of play behaviour within social hominid groups. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Norscia+I%22">Norscia I</searchLink>; Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino , Torino, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Collarini+E%22">Collarini E</searchLink>; Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino , Torino, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cordoni+G%22">Cordoni G</searchLink>; Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino , Torino, Italy. – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%227503623%22">Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences</searchLink> [Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci] 2026 Sep 24; Vol. 381 (1959). – Name: TypePub Label: Publication Type Group: TypPub Data: Journal Article – Name: Language Label: Language Group: Lang Data: English – Name: TitleSource Label: Journal Info Group: Src Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Royal+Society%22">Royal Society </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>England <i>NLM ID: </i>7503623 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1471-2970 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2209628436%22">09628436 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE – Name: PublisherInfo Label: Imprint Name(s) Group: PubInfo Data: <i>Original Publication</i>: London : Royal Society, 1934- – Name: SubjectMESH Label: MeSH Terms Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Play+and+Playthings%22">Play and Playthings*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Play+and+Playthings+psychology%22">psychology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Pan+paniscus%22">Pan paniscus*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Pan+paniscus+psychology%22">psychology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Pan+troglodytes%22">Pan troglodytes*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Pan+troglodytes+psychology%22">psychology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Gorilla+gorilla%22">Gorilla gorilla*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Gorilla+gorilla+psychology%22">psychology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Social+Behavior%22">Social Behavior*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Behavior%2C+Animal%22">Behavior, Animal*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Imitative+Behavior%22">Imitative Behavior*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Animals%22">Animals</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Female%22">Female</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Male%22">Male</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Via the perception-action model and mirror neuron system, individuals replicate others' behaviour (behavioural/social contagion) and reduce prediction errors on other behaviours. Among contagious behaviours, play offers a safe context for cooperation, competition and tolerance. Thus, play contagion is interesting to better understand the evolution of social dynamics in many non-primates and primates, including humans. To our knowledge, no study has examined play contagion across social hominids nor analysed individual/group features to identify common modulators. In 2022-2025, we gathered all-occurrences data on play, affiliative and agonistic patterns in social hominids (two groups of captive chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas; and two toddler classes of ≤ 3 years and their educators). In the 3 min period, we checked if individuals not involved in play would start playing either after the onset of a trigger play session (post-play (PP)) or in absence of any previous play session (matched-control). Play occurrence was highest during PP, informing play contagion. Contagion increased with higher male-to-female, immature-to-adult and affiliative-to-agonistic interaction ratios. Males, youngsters and individuals that were in trigger proximity (≤ 10 m) showed the highest contagion. Shared across social hominids, play contagion and its common modulators might trace back to their last common ancestor, underlying the transmission of behaviour, and possible underlying emotions, within groups. This article is part of the theme issue 'Mechanisms, development, phylogeny and functions of emotional expressions'.<br /> (© 2026 The Authors.) – Name: Ref Label: References Group: RefInfo Data: Q Rev Biol. 2001 Jun;76(2):141-68. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2211409050%22">11409050)</searchLink><br />Animals (Basel). 2020 Feb 14;10(2):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232075034%22">32075034)</searchLink><br />Behav Processes. 2019 Mar;160:1-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230650340%22">30650340)</searchLink><br />Behav Processes. 2024 Sep;221:105092. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239209084%22">39209084)</searchLink><br />Animals (Basel). 2022 Aug 22;12(16):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236009741%22">36009741)</searchLink><br />Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2026 Sep 24;381(1959):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2242779430%22">42779430)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2013 Oct 16;8(10):e76266. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224146848%22">24146848)</searchLink><br />Am J Primatol. 2017 Dec;79(12):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229168188%22">29168188)</searchLink><br />Am J Primatol. 2024 Oct;86(10):e23671. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239148223%22">39148223)</searchLink><br />Anim Cogn. 2021 Jul;24(4):717-729. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233420859%22">33420859)</searchLink><br />Am J Primatol. 2023 Sep;85(9):e23537. 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(PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221297852%22">21297852)</searchLink><br />Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017 Aug;18(8):498-509. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228655877%22">28655877)</searchLink><br />R Soc Open Sci. 2021 Jan 13;8(1):201538. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233614085%22">33614085)</searchLink><br />Int J Primatol. 2024;45(4):739-773. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239184232%22">39184232)</searchLink><br />Physiol Behav. 1999 Oct;67(4):475-82. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210549884%22">10549884)</searchLink><br />Am J Phys Anthropol. 2006 Mar;129(3):418-26. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216323189%22">16323189)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2024 Nov 20;19(11):e0312467. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239565730%22">39565730)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2013 Nov 27;8(11):e79600. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224312184%22">24312184)</searchLink><br />Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1998;23(1):87-101. 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(PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226998318%22">26998318)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2014 Mar 14;9(3):e91773. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224632594%22">24632594)</searchLink><br />Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2025 Jun;173:106156. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240250542%22">40250542)</searchLink><br />Curr Zool. 2024 Mar 11;70(6):765-779. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239678814%22">39678814)</searchLink><br />Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017 Sep;80:573-585. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228735879%22">28735879)</searchLink><br />Curr Biol. 2015 Jan 5;25(1):R24-7. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225562296%22">25562296)</searchLink><br />Behav Brain Res. 1992 Sep 28;50(1-2):135-45. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%221449641%22">1449641)</searchLink><br />Am J Primatol. 2020 Jul;82(7):e23138. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232333423%22">32333423)</searchLink><br />PeerJ. 2018 Jul 31;6:e5303. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230083451%22">30083451)</searchLink><br />Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2023 Aug;151:105232. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237182799%22">37182799)</searchLink><br />Am J Primatol. 2024 Nov;86(11):e23678. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239107976%22">39107976)</searchLink><br />Hum Nat. 2025 Mar;36(1):70-97. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240080328%22">40080328)</searchLink><br />J Hum Evol. 2007 Mar;52(3):275-93. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217083968%22">17083968)</searchLink><br />Front Hum Neurosci. 2013 May 07;7:122. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223675331%22">23675331)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40697. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222808234%22">22808234)</searchLink><br />Trends Ecol Evol. 2024 May;39(5):456-466. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238302324%22">38302324)</searchLink><br />Sci Rep. 2023 May 24;13(1):8367. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237225745%22">37225745)</searchLink><br />Am J Phys Anthropol. 2013 Oct;152(2):165-72. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223907657%22">23907657)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2011 Apr 06;6(4):e18283. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221494669%22">21494669)</searchLink><br />Animals (Basel). 2024 Sep 25;14(19):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239409718%22">39409718)</searchLink><br />PeerJ. 2020 Dec 4;8:e10387. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233335808%22">33335808)</searchLink><br />Nat Commun. 2022 Mar 17;13(1):1442. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235301305%22">35301305)</searchLink><br />Sci Rep. 2020 Dec 17;10(1):22251. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233335177%22">33335177)</searchLink><br />Animals (Basel). 2022 Sep 14;12(18):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236139279%22">36139279)</searchLink><br />Dev Psychobiol. 2007 May;49(4):433-45. 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(PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%223543991%22">3543991)</searchLink> – Name: GrantInfo Label: Grant Information Group: Grant Data: 2020.1955 Fondazione CRT; University of Torino (DBIOS); NORI_RILO; CUP: D53C24004770006 Italian Ministry of University and Research; MUR; 2022ZZAZKW Ministry COD – Name: SubjectMinor Label: Contributed Indexing Group: Data: <i>Keywords: </i>apes; behavioural contagion; empathy; hominids; motor replication – Name: DateEntry Label: Entry Date(s) Group: Date Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260924 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260924 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260926 – Name: DateUpdate Label: Update Code Group: Date Data: 20260926 – Name: PubmedCentralID Label: PubMed Central ID Group: ID Data: PMC13601880 – Name: DOI Label: DOI Group: ID Data: 10.1098/rstb.2025.0144 – Name: AN Label: PMID Group: ID Data: 42779430 |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1098/rstb.2025.0144 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English Subjects: – SubjectFull: Animals Type: general – SubjectFull: Female Type: general – SubjectFull: Male Type: general – SubjectFull: Play and Playthings psychology Type: general – SubjectFull: Pan paniscus psychology Type: general – SubjectFull: Pan troglodytes psychology Type: general – SubjectFull: Gorilla gorilla psychology Type: general – SubjectFull: Social Behavior Type: general – SubjectFull: Behavior, Animal Type: general – SubjectFull: Imitative Behavior Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: The play fever: individual and group factors influence the contagion of play behaviour within social hominid groups. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Norscia I – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Collarini E – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Cordoni G IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 24 M: 09 Text: 2026 Sep 24 Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-electronic Value: 1471-2970 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 381 – Type: issue Value: 1959 Titles: – TitleFull: Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences Type: main |
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