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Case-based pharmacotherapeutic learning structured around the prescribing optimization method and the WHO 6-step model: Medical students' views from an exploratory questionnaire study.

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Τίτλος: Case-based pharmacotherapeutic learning structured around the prescribing optimization method and the WHO 6-step model: Medical students' views from an exploratory questionnaire study.
Συγγραφείς: Carifi M; Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy., Furchì F; Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy., Parodi López N; Department of Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 431, Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Sweden.; Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden., Piët JD; Department of Internal Medicine, Unit Pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.; Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands., Tichelaar J; Department of Internal Medicine, Unit Pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.; Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.; Interprofessional Collaboration and Medication Safety, Faculty of Health, Sports and Social Work, InHolland University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., De Ponti F; Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy., Wallerstedt SM; Department of Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 431, Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Sweden. susanna.wallerstedt@pharm.gu.se.; Centre for Health Technology Assessment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden. susanna.wallerstedt@pharm.gu.se.
Πηγή: European journal of clinical pharmacology [Eur J Clin Pharmacol] 2026 Sep 19; Vol. 82 (10). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 19.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 1256165 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1432-1041 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00316970 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Eur J Clin Pharmacol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Berlin, New York, Springer.
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Students, Medical*/psychology , Problem-Based Learning*/methods, Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Male ; Drug Prescriptions ; Female ; Clinical Competence ; Clinical Clerkship
Περίληψη: Purpose: Pharmacotherapy is a core competence for physicians and case-based learning is a valuable teaching method for developing this competence. This study explored medical students' views on structuring pharmacotherapeutic education around either the Prescribing Optimization Method (POM), starting from the medication list, or the World Health Organization (WHO) 6-Step Model, starting from the patient's presentation.
Methods: Students who had experienced both the POM and the WHO 6-Step Model, featuring cases involving multiple medications, during an elective pharmacology clerkship at the University of Bologna, were invited to complete an anonymous questionnaire. Participants rated their agreement with a statement regarding the usefulness of each structure for developing pharmacotherapeutic knowledge (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree), indicated their preferred structure, and provided comments explaining their choice and contexts in which each structure was considered useful.
Results: All students participating in the clerkship shared their views (n = 27). Their ratings of each structure's usefulness for developing pharmacotherapeutic knowledge were 4.3 ± 0.8 (POM) and 4.1 ± 1.1 (WHO). Thirteen students preferred the POM, often referring to its comprehensive medication focus in the context of polypharmacy, and the value of such guidance in the undergraduate learning process. Twelve students preferred the WHO 6-Step Model, often referring to its alignment with clinical practice and the learning it offers for their future professional role.
Conclusion: Students perceived both structures as useful for pharmacotherapeutic learning; future studies should examine whether these approaches improve prescribing competence or therapeutic reasoning performance.
(© 2026. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declaration. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
References: JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Oct 3;5(10):e2236757. (PMID: 36264579)
Eur Geriatr Med. 2023 Aug;14(4):625-632. (PMID: 37256475)
Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2024 Jan;90(1):12-106. (PMID: 37697479)
Acad Med. 2014 Apr;89(4):678-88. (PMID: 24556770)
Age Ageing. 2015 Mar;44(2):213-8. (PMID: 25324330)
J Med Libr Assoc. 2015 Jul;103(3):152-3. (PMID: 26213509)
BMC Geriatr. 2017 Oct 10;17(1):230. (PMID: 29017448)
Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Feb;101(2):281-289. (PMID: 27648725)
BMC Med Educ. 2026 Apr 30;26(1):. (PMID: 42062992)
Drugs Aging. 2009;26(8):687-701. (PMID: 19685934)
Fam Pract. 2013 Apr;30(2):172-8. (PMID: 23045354)
Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2017 Apr;73(4):385-398. (PMID: 27913837)
Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2023 Apr;79(4):571-574. (PMID: 36749353)
Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2026 Aug 12;82(9):. (PMID: 42584498)
Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2010 Feb;19(2):211-5. (PMID: 19998370)
Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2020 Apr;76(4):507-513. (PMID: 31938856)
Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Feb;46(2):72-83. (PMID: 18218287)
J Eval Clin Pract. 2018 Apr;24(2):317-322. (PMID: 28776873)
J Educ Health Promot. 2025 Feb 28;14:76. (PMID: 40144176)
Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2025 Jan;81(1):173-180. (PMID: 39419838)
Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Aug;78(8):1331-1339. (PMID: 35648150)
BMC Med Educ. 2024 Nov 26;24(1):1360. (PMID: 39587582)
Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2023 Feb;89(2):832-842. (PMID: 36098258)
Lakartidningen. 2021 Aug 25;118:. (PMID: 34498241)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Education; Medical programme; Pharmacotherapy; Polypharmacy; Prescribing; Teaching
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260919 Date Completed: 20260919 Latest Revision: 20260922
Update Code: 20260922
PubMed Central ID: PMC13589751
DOI: 10.1007/s00228-026-04184-7
PMID: 42762310
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  – Url: https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1007/s00228-026-04184-7
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  Data: Case-based pharmacotherapeutic learning structured around the prescribing optimization method and the WHO 6-step model: Medical students' views from an exploratory questionnaire study.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Carifi+M%22">Carifi M</searchLink>; Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Furchì+F%22">Furchì F</searchLink>; Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Parodi+López+N%22">Parodi López N</searchLink>; Department of Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 431, Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Sweden.; Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Piët+JD%22">Piët JD</searchLink>; Department of Internal Medicine, Unit Pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.; Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tichelaar+J%22">Tichelaar J</searchLink>; Department of Internal Medicine, Unit Pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.; Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.; Interprofessional Collaboration and Medication Safety, Faculty of Health, Sports and Social Work, InHolland University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22De+Ponti+F%22">De Ponti F</searchLink>; Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wallerstedt+SM%22">Wallerstedt SM</searchLink>; Department of Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 431, Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Sweden. susanna.wallerstedt@pharm.gu.se.; Centre for Health Technology Assessment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden. susanna.wallerstedt@pharm.gu.se.
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  Data: Purpose: Pharmacotherapy is a core competence for physicians and case-based learning is a valuable teaching method for developing this competence. This study explored medical students' views on structuring pharmacotherapeutic education around either the Prescribing Optimization Method (POM), starting from the medication list, or the World Health Organization (WHO) 6-Step Model, starting from the patient's presentation.<br />Methods: Students who had experienced both the POM and the WHO 6-Step Model, featuring cases involving multiple medications, during an elective pharmacology clerkship at the University of Bologna, were invited to complete an anonymous questionnaire. Participants rated their agreement with a statement regarding the usefulness of each structure for developing pharmacotherapeutic knowledge (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree), indicated their preferred structure, and provided comments explaining their choice and contexts in which each structure was considered useful.<br />Results: All students participating in the clerkship shared their views (n = 27). Their ratings of each structure's usefulness for developing pharmacotherapeutic knowledge were 4.3 ± 0.8 (POM) and 4.1 ± 1.1 (WHO). Thirteen students preferred the POM, often referring to its comprehensive medication focus in the context of polypharmacy, and the value of such guidance in the undergraduate learning process. Twelve students preferred the WHO 6-Step Model, often referring to its alignment with clinical practice and the learning it offers for their future professional role.<br />Conclusion: Students perceived both structures as useful for pharmacotherapeutic learning; future studies should examine whether these approaches improve prescribing competence or therapeutic reasoning performance.<br /> (© 2026. The Author(s).)
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  Data: Declaration. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
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  Data: JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Oct 3;5(10):e2236757. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236264579%22">36264579)</searchLink><br />Eur Geriatr Med. 2023 Aug;14(4):625-632. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237256475%22">37256475)</searchLink><br />Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2024 Jan;90(1):12-106. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237697479%22">37697479)</searchLink><br />Acad Med. 2014 Apr;89(4):678-88. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224556770%22">24556770)</searchLink><br />Age Ageing. 2015 Mar;44(2):213-8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225324330%22">25324330)</searchLink><br />J Med Libr Assoc. 2015 Jul;103(3):152-3. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226213509%22">26213509)</searchLink><br />BMC Geriatr. 2017 Oct 10;17(1):230. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229017448%22">29017448)</searchLink><br />Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Feb;101(2):281-289. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227648725%22">27648725)</searchLink><br />BMC Med Educ. 2026 Apr 30;26(1):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2242062992%22">42062992)</searchLink><br />Drugs Aging. 2009;26(8):687-701. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219685934%22">19685934)</searchLink><br />Fam Pract. 2013 Apr;30(2):172-8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223045354%22">23045354)</searchLink><br />Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2017 Apr;73(4):385-398. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227913837%22">27913837)</searchLink><br />Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2023 Apr;79(4):571-574. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236749353%22">36749353)</searchLink><br />Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2026 Aug 12;82(9):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2242584498%22">42584498)</searchLink><br />Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2010 Feb;19(2):211-5. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219998370%22">19998370)</searchLink><br />Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2020 Apr;76(4):507-513. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231938856%22">31938856)</searchLink><br />Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Feb;46(2):72-83. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2218218287%22">18218287)</searchLink><br />J Eval Clin Pract. 2018 Apr;24(2):317-322. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228776873%22">28776873)</searchLink><br />J Educ Health Promot. 2025 Feb 28;14:76. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240144176%22">40144176)</searchLink><br />Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2025 Jan;81(1):173-180. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239419838%22">39419838)</searchLink><br />Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Aug;78(8):1331-1339. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235648150%22">35648150)</searchLink><br />BMC Med Educ. 2024 Nov 26;24(1):1360. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239587582%22">39587582)</searchLink><br />Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2023 Feb;89(2):832-842. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236098258%22">36098258)</searchLink><br />Lakartidningen. 2021 Aug 25;118:. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234498241%22">34498241)</searchLink>
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