Academic Journal
Προβολή σε EDS

Redox-driven mitochondrial DNA stress in hepatocellular carcinoma: innate immune remodelling, tumour immune escape, and immunotherapy implications.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος: Redox-driven mitochondrial DNA stress in hepatocellular carcinoma: innate immune remodelling, tumour immune escape, and immunotherapy implications.
Συγγραφείς: Chang Z; Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China., Liu G; Emergency Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China., Zhang J; Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China., Lei H; Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China., Quan H; Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China., Piao Y; Emergency Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China.
Πηγή: Frontiers in immunology [Front Immunol] 2026 Sep 04; Vol. 17, pp. 1903643. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 04 (Print Publication: 2026).
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article; Review
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Frontiers Research Foundation] Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101560960 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1664-3224 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 16643224 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Front Immunol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: [Lausanne : Frontiers Research Foundation]
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): DNA, Mitochondrial*/genetics , DNA, Mitochondrial*/immunology , DNA, Mitochondrial*/metabolism , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular*/immunology , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular*/therapy , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular*/metabolism , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular*/genetics , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular*/pathology , Liver Neoplasms*/immunology , Liver Neoplasms*/therapy , Liver Neoplasms*/metabolism , Liver Neoplasms*/genetics , Liver Neoplasms*/pathology , Tumor Escape*/immunology , Immunity, Innate*, Mitochondria/metabolism ; Mitochondria/immunology ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Humans ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Animals ; Immunotherapy ; Oxidative Stress ; cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway ; Toll-Like Receptor 9 ; DNA Damage ; Signal Transduction ; Innate Immunity Recognition
Περίληψη: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops in a chronically injured liver where metabolic adaptation, oxidative stress, innate immune signalling, and immune tolerance are already intertwined. Mitochondria connect these processes: they sustain tumour-cell fitness, yet damaged organelles expose mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as an intracellular and intercellular danger signal. Persistent reactive oxygen species, altered mitochondrial dynamics, nucleoid instability, and incomplete mitophagy-lysosomal clearance can oxidise, fragment, and displace mtDNA. The resulting material may remain in the cytosol, circulate freely or in protein-associated complexes, or be transferred within extracellular vesicles. These forms are not immunologically equivalent. Cytosolic mtDNA favours cGAS-STING access; endocytosed material can engage endolysosomal TLR9; and oxidised mtDNA can cooperate with mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, ATP, cardiolipin, and ionic perturbation in NLRP3 inflammasome-associated signalling. Redox remodelling also alters interferon responsiveness, inflammasome competence, and myeloid-cell metabolism, allowing recipient cells to assign different meanings to a similar mitochondrial signal. We integrate these mechanisms into an acute immune activation-chronic immune adaptation continuum. Transient, spatially restricted, and efficiently cleared danger can support antigen presentation and effector recruitment, whereas recurrent or poorly cleared signalling can become embedded in suppressive myeloid remodelling, lymphocyte dysfunction, and spatial immune escape. Direct HCC studies support treatment-induced mtDNA-STING activation, hypoxic extracellular-vesicle-mediated mtDNA transfer, macrophage TLR9 signalling, and TFAM-mtDNA-NLRP3 coupling. The transition between immune states remains a testable synthesis, not an established linear pathway. Therapeutic intervention should be matched to signal form, recipient-cell competence, timing, spatial context, and hepatic reserve; pathway activation alone is an inadequate guide.
(Copyright © 2026 Chang, Liu, Zhang, Lei, Quan and Piao.)
Competing Interests: The author(s) declared that this work was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References: Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Apr;18(4):223-238. (PMID: 33349658)
Gene. 2026 Jun 10;994:150119. (PMID: 41881089)
Immunity. 2012 Mar 23;36(3):401-14. (PMID: 22342844)
Cell Metab. 2019 Sep 3;30(3):434-446. (PMID: 31484055)
Transl Oncol. 2018 Apr;11(2):559-566. (PMID: 29525633)
Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Apr 27;11(5):. (PMID: 35624717)
Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021 Jan 21;7(1):6. (PMID: 33479224)
Nat Commun. 2025 Dec 8;16(1):10416. (PMID: 41360802)
Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2019 Jul;16(7):425-441. (PMID: 30914826)
J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2026 Jan 09;45(1):42. (PMID: 41508119)
Nat Commun. 2021 Jun 17;12(1):3684. (PMID: 34140495)
NPJ Precis Oncol. 2024 Mar 23;8(1):75. (PMID: 38521868)
Science. 2018 May 25;360(6391):. (PMID: 29798856)
J Hepatol. 2022 Sep;77(3):748-760. (PMID: 35378172)
JCI Insight. 2017 Feb 9;2(3):e89160. (PMID: 28194435)
Pharmacol Res. 2025 Jun;216:107764. (PMID: 40354846)
Science. 2018 Feb 23;359(6378):. (PMID: 29472455)
CA Cancer J Clin. 2024 May-Jun;74(3):229-263. (PMID: 38572751)
Nat Commun. 2016 Jun 21;7:11932. (PMID: 27324217)
Hepatology. 2023 May 1;77(5):1773-1796. (PMID: 35989535)
Molecules. 2022 Oct 18;27(20):. (PMID: 36296601)
Annu Rev Biochem. 2023 Jun 20;92:299-332. (PMID: 37001140)
J Immunother Cancer. 2023 Nov 29;11(11):. (PMID: 38030304)
Pharmacol Res. 2025 Sep;219:107884. (PMID: 40744153)
Oncogene. 2025 Sep;44(33):2956-2969. (PMID: 40517169)
Immunity. 2016 Aug 16;45(2):358-73. (PMID: 27496729)
Theranostics. 2020 May 17;10(14):6530-6543. (PMID: 32483468)
Front Immunol. 2019 Jul 03;10:1462. (PMID: 31333642)
Nat Immunol. 2018 Mar;19(3):222-232. (PMID: 29379119)
Cell Metab. 2017 Jun 6;25(6):1282-1293.e7. (PMID: 28416194)
Lancet Oncol. 2023 Dec;24(12):1399-1410. (PMID: 38039993)
NEJM Evid. 2022 Aug;1(8):EVIDoa2100070. (PMID: 38319892)
Cell Death Dis. 2025 Mar 04;16(1):153. (PMID: 40038250)
Oncogene. 2025 Jul;44(25):2011-2024. (PMID: 40468052)
Cell Metab. 2016 Nov 8;24(5):657-671. (PMID: 27641098)
Clin Mol Hepatol. 2025 Jan;31(1):196-212. (PMID: 39406379)
Theranostics. 2022 May 16;12(9):4163-4180. (PMID: 35673582)
Redox Biol. 2025 Oct;86:103845. (PMID: 40882371)
J Exp Med. 2014 May 5;211(5):781-90. (PMID: 24778419)
Cell. 2019 Oct 3;179(2):561-577.e22. (PMID: 31585088)
Nat Immunol. 2021 Feb;22(2):205-215. (PMID: 33398183)
Redox Biol. 2025 Jul;84:103702. (PMID: 40446643)
Hepatology. 2023 Dec 1;78(6):1966-1986. (PMID: 37363821)
Exp Mol Med. 2023 Mar;55(3):510-519. (PMID: 36964253)
BMC Cancer. 2024 Jan 10;24(1):53. (PMID: 38200408)
Nature. 2021 Apr;592(7854):450-456. (PMID: 33762733)
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Oct;16(10):589-604. (PMID: 31439937)
Am J Cancer Res. 2023 May 15;13(5):1744-1765. (PMID: 37293175)
Mol Cell. 2012 Oct 26;48(2):158-67. (PMID: 23102266)
Immunity. 2022 Aug 9;55(8):1370-1385.e8. (PMID: 35835107)
Front Immunol. 2016 Mar 29;7:109. (PMID: 27066002)
J Cell Mol Med. 2024 Dec;28(23):e70272. (PMID: 39656344)
Oncogene. 2020 Feb;39(8):1652-1664. (PMID: 31740782)
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Apr 18;24(8):. (PMID: 37108625)
Cell Rep Med. 2023 Dec 19;4(12):101315. (PMID: 38091986)
Cell. 2017 May 4;169(4):570-586. (PMID: 28475890)
Immunity. 2014 Nov 20;41(5):830-42. (PMID: 25517615)
Front Pharmacol. 2023 Aug 17;14:1217400. (PMID: 37663266)
Redox Biol. 2021 Nov;47:102137. (PMID: 34563872)
N Engl J Med. 2020 May 14;382(20):1894-1905. (PMID: 32402160)
JAMA Oncol. 2020 Nov 01;6(11):e204564. (PMID: 33001135)
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1311:127-136. (PMID: 34014539)
Oncogene. 2019 Jun;38(25):5007-5020. (PMID: 30894684)
Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2025 Feb 12;10(1):38. (PMID: 39934144)
Cell Mol Immunol. 2023 Dec;20(12):1403-1412. (PMID: 37932533)
Cancer Sci. 2025 Nov;116(11):3000-3015. (PMID: 40808284)
Nat Rev Immunol. 2017 Jun;17(6):363-375. (PMID: 28393922)
J Immunol. 2009 Jul 15;183(2):787-91. (PMID: 19570822)
Immunity. 2016 Aug 16;45(2):374-88. (PMID: 27496732)
Science. 2019 Dec 20;366(6472):1531-1536. (PMID: 31857488)
Redox Biol. 2026 Jun;93:104185. (PMID: 42033850)
J Trauma. 2010 Jun;68(6):1328-32; discussion 1332-4. (PMID: 20539176)
J Biomed Sci. 2022 Sep 26;29(1):74. (PMID: 36154922)
Nature. 2010 Mar 4;464(7285):104-7. (PMID: 20203610)
Nat Commun. 2025 Dec 15;16(1):10992. (PMID: 41398033)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma; immunotherapy; innate immunity; mitochondrial DNA; mitochondrial danger signals; redox signalling; tumour immune escape; tumour immune microenvironment
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (DNA, Mitochondrial)
0 (Toll-Like Receptor 9)
0 (Reactive Oxygen Species)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260919 Date Completed: 20260919 Latest Revision: 20260921
Update Code: 20260921
PubMed Central ID: PMC13587012
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1903643
PMID: 42761405
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
CustomLinks:
  – Url: https://resolver.ebsco.com/c/fiv2js/result?sid=EBSCO:cmedm&genre=article&issn=16643224&ISBN=&volume=17&issue=&date=20260904&spage=1903643&pages=1903643&title=Frontiers in immunology&atitle=Redox-driven%20mitochondrial%20DNA%20stress%20in%20hepatocellular%20carcinoma%3A%20innate%20immune%20remodelling%2C%20tumour%20immune%20escape%2C%20and%20immunotherapy%20implications.&aulast=Chang%20Z&id=DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1903643
    Name: Full Text Finder (for New FTF UI) (ns324271)
    Category: fullText
    Text: Full Text Finder
    MouseOverText: Full Text Finder
Header DbId: cmedm
DbLabel: MEDLINE
An: 42761405
AccessLevel: 3
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Redox-driven mitochondrial DNA stress in hepatocellular carcinoma: innate immune remodelling, tumour immune escape, and immunotherapy implications.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chang+Z%22">Chang Z</searchLink>; Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Liu+G%22">Liu G</searchLink>; Emergency Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhang+J%22">Zhang J</searchLink>; Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lei+H%22">Lei H</searchLink>; Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Quan+H%22">Quan H</searchLink>; Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Piao+Y%22">Piao Y</searchLink>; Emergency Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China.
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22101560960%22">Frontiers in immunology</searchLink> [Front Immunol] 2026 Sep 04; Vol. 17, pp. 1903643. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Sep 04 (<i>Print Publication: </i>2026).
– Name: TypePub
  Label: Publication Type
  Group: TypPub
  Data: Journal Article; Review
– Name: Language
  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Journal Info
  Group: Src
  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Frontiers+Research+Foundation]%22">Frontiers Research Foundation] </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>Switzerland <i>NLM ID: </i>101560960 <i>Publication Model: </i>eCollection <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1664-3224 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2216643224%22">16643224 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Front Immunol <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
– Name: PublisherInfo
  Label: Imprint Name(s)
  Group: PubInfo
  Data: <i>Original Publication</i>: [Lausanne : Frontiers Research Foundation]
– Name: SubjectMESH
  Label: MeSH Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22DNA%2C+Mitochondrial%22">DNA, Mitochondrial*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22DNA%2C+Mitochondrial+genetics%22">genetics</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22DNA%2C+Mitochondrial%22">DNA, Mitochondrial*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22DNA%2C+Mitochondrial+immunology%22">immunology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22DNA%2C+Mitochondrial%22">DNA, Mitochondrial*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22DNA%2C+Mitochondrial+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Carcinoma%2C+Hepatocellular%22">Carcinoma, Hepatocellular*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Carcinoma%2C+Hepatocellular+immunology%22">immunology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Carcinoma%2C+Hepatocellular%22">Carcinoma, Hepatocellular*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Carcinoma%2C+Hepatocellular+therapy%22">therapy</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Carcinoma%2C+Hepatocellular%22">Carcinoma, Hepatocellular*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Carcinoma%2C+Hepatocellular+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Carcinoma%2C+Hepatocellular%22">Carcinoma, Hepatocellular*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Carcinoma%2C+Hepatocellular+genetics%22">genetics</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Carcinoma%2C+Hepatocellular%22">Carcinoma, Hepatocellular*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Carcinoma%2C+Hepatocellular+pathology%22">pathology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Liver+Neoplasms%22">Liver Neoplasms*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Liver+Neoplasms+immunology%22">immunology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Liver+Neoplasms%22">Liver Neoplasms*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Liver+Neoplasms+therapy%22">therapy</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Liver+Neoplasms%22">Liver Neoplasms*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Liver+Neoplasms+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Liver+Neoplasms%22">Liver Neoplasms*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Liver+Neoplasms+genetics%22">genetics</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Liver+Neoplasms%22">Liver Neoplasms*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Liver+Neoplasms+pathology%22">pathology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Tumor+Escape%22">Tumor Escape*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Tumor+Escape+immunology%22">immunology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Immunity%2C+Innate%22">Immunity, Innate*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Mitochondria%22">Mitochondria</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Mitochondria+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Mitochondria%22">Mitochondria</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Mitochondria+immunology%22">immunology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Mitochondria%22">Mitochondria</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Mitochondria+genetics%22">genetics</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Reactive+Oxygen+Species%22">Reactive Oxygen Species</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Reactive+Oxygen+Species+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Oxidation-Reduction%22">Oxidation-Reduction</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Animals%22">Animals</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Immunotherapy%22">Immunotherapy</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Oxidative+Stress%22">Oxidative Stress</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22cGAS-STING+Signaling+Pathway%22">cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Toll-Like+Receptor+9%22">Toll-Like Receptor 9</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22DNA+Damage%22">DNA Damage</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Signal+Transduction%22">Signal Transduction</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Innate+Immunity+Recognition%22">Innate Immunity Recognition</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops in a chronically injured liver where metabolic adaptation, oxidative stress, innate immune signalling, and immune tolerance are already intertwined. Mitochondria connect these processes: they sustain tumour-cell fitness, yet damaged organelles expose mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as an intracellular and intercellular danger signal. Persistent reactive oxygen species, altered mitochondrial dynamics, nucleoid instability, and incomplete mitophagy-lysosomal clearance can oxidise, fragment, and displace mtDNA. The resulting material may remain in the cytosol, circulate freely or in protein-associated complexes, or be transferred within extracellular vesicles. These forms are not immunologically equivalent. Cytosolic mtDNA favours cGAS-STING access; endocytosed material can engage endolysosomal TLR9; and oxidised mtDNA can cooperate with mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, ATP, cardiolipin, and ionic perturbation in NLRP3 inflammasome-associated signalling. Redox remodelling also alters interferon responsiveness, inflammasome competence, and myeloid-cell metabolism, allowing recipient cells to assign different meanings to a similar mitochondrial signal. We integrate these mechanisms into an acute immune activation-chronic immune adaptation continuum. Transient, spatially restricted, and efficiently cleared danger can support antigen presentation and effector recruitment, whereas recurrent or poorly cleared signalling can become embedded in suppressive myeloid remodelling, lymphocyte dysfunction, and spatial immune escape. Direct HCC studies support treatment-induced mtDNA-STING activation, hypoxic extracellular-vesicle-mediated mtDNA transfer, macrophage TLR9 signalling, and TFAM-mtDNA-NLRP3 coupling. The transition between immune states remains a testable synthesis, not an established linear pathway. Therapeutic intervention should be matched to signal form, recipient-cell competence, timing, spatial context, and hepatic reserve; pathway activation alone is an inadequate guide.<br /> (Copyright © 2026 Chang, Liu, Zhang, Lei, Quan and Piao.)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: The author(s) declared that this work was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Apr;18(4):223-238. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233349658%22">33349658)</searchLink><br />Gene. 2026 Jun 10;994:150119. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241881089%22">41881089)</searchLink><br />Immunity. 2012 Mar 23;36(3):401-14. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222342844%22">22342844)</searchLink><br />Cell Metab. 2019 Sep 3;30(3):434-446. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231484055%22">31484055)</searchLink><br />Transl Oncol. 2018 Apr;11(2):559-566. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229525633%22">29525633)</searchLink><br />Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Apr 27;11(5):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235624717%22">35624717)</searchLink><br />Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021 Jan 21;7(1):6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233479224%22">33479224)</searchLink><br />Nat Commun. 2025 Dec 8;16(1):10416. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241360802%22">41360802)</searchLink><br />Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2019 Jul;16(7):425-441. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230914826%22">30914826)</searchLink><br />J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2026 Jan 09;45(1):42. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241508119%22">41508119)</searchLink><br />Nat Commun. 2021 Jun 17;12(1):3684. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234140495%22">34140495)</searchLink><br />NPJ Precis Oncol. 2024 Mar 23;8(1):75. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238521868%22">38521868)</searchLink><br />Science. 2018 May 25;360(6391):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229798856%22">29798856)</searchLink><br />J Hepatol. 2022 Sep;77(3):748-760. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235378172%22">35378172)</searchLink><br />JCI Insight. 2017 Feb 9;2(3):e89160. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228194435%22">28194435)</searchLink><br />Pharmacol Res. 2025 Jun;216:107764. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240354846%22">40354846)</searchLink><br />Science. 2018 Feb 23;359(6378):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229472455%22">29472455)</searchLink><br />CA Cancer J Clin. 2024 May-Jun;74(3):229-263. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238572751%22">38572751)</searchLink><br />Nat Commun. 2016 Jun 21;7:11932. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227324217%22">27324217)</searchLink><br />Hepatology. 2023 May 1;77(5):1773-1796. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235989535%22">35989535)</searchLink><br />Molecules. 2022 Oct 18;27(20):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236296601%22">36296601)</searchLink><br />Annu Rev Biochem. 2023 Jun 20;92:299-332. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237001140%22">37001140)</searchLink><br />J Immunother Cancer. 2023 Nov 29;11(11):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238030304%22">38030304)</searchLink><br />Pharmacol Res. 2025 Sep;219:107884. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240744153%22">40744153)</searchLink><br />Oncogene. 2025 Sep;44(33):2956-2969. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240517169%22">40517169)</searchLink><br />Immunity. 2016 Aug 16;45(2):358-73. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227496729%22">27496729)</searchLink><br />Theranostics. 2020 May 17;10(14):6530-6543. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232483468%22">32483468)</searchLink><br />Front Immunol. 2019 Jul 03;10:1462. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231333642%22">31333642)</searchLink><br />Nat Immunol. 2018 Mar;19(3):222-232. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229379119%22">29379119)</searchLink><br />Cell Metab. 2017 Jun 6;25(6):1282-1293.e7. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228416194%22">28416194)</searchLink><br />Lancet Oncol. 2023 Dec;24(12):1399-1410. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238039993%22">38039993)</searchLink><br />NEJM Evid. 2022 Aug;1(8):EVIDoa2100070. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238319892%22">38319892)</searchLink><br />Cell Death Dis. 2025 Mar 04;16(1):153. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240038250%22">40038250)</searchLink><br />Oncogene. 2025 Jul;44(25):2011-2024. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240468052%22">40468052)</searchLink><br />Cell Metab. 2016 Nov 8;24(5):657-671. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227641098%22">27641098)</searchLink><br />Clin Mol Hepatol. 2025 Jan;31(1):196-212. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239406379%22">39406379)</searchLink><br />Theranostics. 2022 May 16;12(9):4163-4180. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235673582%22">35673582)</searchLink><br />Redox Biol. 2025 Oct;86:103845. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240882371%22">40882371)</searchLink><br />J Exp Med. 2014 May 5;211(5):781-90. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224778419%22">24778419)</searchLink><br />Cell. 2019 Oct 3;179(2):561-577.e22. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231585088%22">31585088)</searchLink><br />Nat Immunol. 2021 Feb;22(2):205-215. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233398183%22">33398183)</searchLink><br />Redox Biol. 2025 Jul;84:103702. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240446643%22">40446643)</searchLink><br />Hepatology. 2023 Dec 1;78(6):1966-1986. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237363821%22">37363821)</searchLink><br />Exp Mol Med. 2023 Mar;55(3):510-519. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236964253%22">36964253)</searchLink><br />BMC Cancer. 2024 Jan 10;24(1):53. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238200408%22">38200408)</searchLink><br />Nature. 2021 Apr;592(7854):450-456. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233762733%22">33762733)</searchLink><br />Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Oct;16(10):589-604. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231439937%22">31439937)</searchLink><br />Am J Cancer Res. 2023 May 15;13(5):1744-1765. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237293175%22">37293175)</searchLink><br />Mol Cell. 2012 Oct 26;48(2):158-67. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223102266%22">23102266)</searchLink><br />Immunity. 2022 Aug 9;55(8):1370-1385.e8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235835107%22">35835107)</searchLink><br />Front Immunol. 2016 Mar 29;7:109. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227066002%22">27066002)</searchLink><br />J Cell Mol Med. 2024 Dec;28(23):e70272. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239656344%22">39656344)</searchLink><br />Oncogene. 2020 Feb;39(8):1652-1664. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231740782%22">31740782)</searchLink><br />Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Apr 18;24(8):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237108625%22">37108625)</searchLink><br />Cell Rep Med. 2023 Dec 19;4(12):101315. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238091986%22">38091986)</searchLink><br />Cell. 2017 May 4;169(4):570-586. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228475890%22">28475890)</searchLink><br />Immunity. 2014 Nov 20;41(5):830-42. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225517615%22">25517615)</searchLink><br />Front Pharmacol. 2023 Aug 17;14:1217400. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237663266%22">37663266)</searchLink><br />Redox Biol. 2021 Nov;47:102137. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234563872%22">34563872)</searchLink><br />N Engl J Med. 2020 May 14;382(20):1894-1905. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232402160%22">32402160)</searchLink><br />JAMA Oncol. 2020 Nov 01;6(11):e204564. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233001135%22">33001135)</searchLink><br />Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1311:127-136. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234014539%22">34014539)</searchLink><br />Oncogene. 2019 Jun;38(25):5007-5020. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230894684%22">30894684)</searchLink><br />Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2025 Feb 12;10(1):38. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239934144%22">39934144)</searchLink><br />Cell Mol Immunol. 2023 Dec;20(12):1403-1412. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237932533%22">37932533)</searchLink><br />Cancer Sci. 2025 Nov;116(11):3000-3015. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240808284%22">40808284)</searchLink><br />Nat Rev Immunol. 2017 Jun;17(6):363-375. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228393922%22">28393922)</searchLink><br />J Immunol. 2009 Jul 15;183(2):787-91. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219570822%22">19570822)</searchLink><br />Immunity. 2016 Aug 16;45(2):374-88. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227496732%22">27496732)</searchLink><br />Science. 2019 Dec 20;366(6472):1531-1536. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231857488%22">31857488)</searchLink><br />Redox Biol. 2026 Jun;93:104185. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2242033850%22">42033850)</searchLink><br />J Trauma. 2010 Jun;68(6):1328-32; discussion 1332-4. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220539176%22">20539176)</searchLink><br />J Biomed Sci. 2022 Sep 26;29(1):74. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236154922%22">36154922)</searchLink><br />Nature. 2010 Mar 4;464(7285):104-7. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220203610%22">20203610)</searchLink><br />Nat Commun. 2025 Dec 15;16(1):10992. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241398033%22">41398033)</searchLink>
– Name: SubjectMinor
  Label: Contributed Indexing
  Group:
  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>hepatocellular carcinoma; immunotherapy; innate immunity; mitochondrial DNA; mitochondrial danger signals; redox signalling; tumour immune escape; tumour immune microenvironment
– Name: NumberCAS
  Label: Substance Nomenclature
  Group: ID
  Data: 0 (DNA, Mitochondrial)<br />0 (Toll-Like Receptor 9)<br />0 (Reactive Oxygen Species)
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date(s)
  Group: Date
  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260919 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260919 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260921
– Name: DateUpdate
  Label: Update Code
  Group: Date
  Data: 20260921
– Name: PubmedCentralID
  Label: PubMed Central ID
  Group: ID
  Data: PMC13587012
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1903643
– Name: AN
  Label: PMID
  Group: ID
  Data: 42761405
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42761405
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1903643
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        StartPage: 1903643
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Mitochondria metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mitochondria immunology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mitochondria genetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Reactive Oxygen Species metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Humans
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Oxidation-Reduction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Animals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Immunotherapy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Oxidative Stress
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Toll-Like Receptor 9
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: DNA Damage
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Signal Transduction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Innate Immunity Recognition
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: DNA, Mitochondrial genetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: DNA, Mitochondrial immunology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: DNA, Mitochondrial metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular immunology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular therapy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular genetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular pathology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Liver Neoplasms immunology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Liver Neoplasms therapy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Liver Neoplasms metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Liver Neoplasms genetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Liver Neoplasms pathology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Tumor Escape immunology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Immunity, Innate
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Redox-driven mitochondrial DNA stress in hepatocellular carcinoma: innate immune remodelling, tumour immune escape, and immunotherapy implications.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Chang Z
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Liu G
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Zhang J
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Lei H
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Quan H
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Piao Y
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 04
              M: 09
              Text: 2026 Sep 04
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1664-3224
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 17
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Frontiers in immunology
              Type: main
ResultId 1