Academic Journal
Self-confidence and body image among adults engaged in daily bodybuilding exercise compared with non-exercising adults: a case-control study.
| Τίτλος: | Self-confidence and body image among adults engaged in daily bodybuilding exercise compared with non-exercising adults: a case-control study. |
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| Συγγραφείς: | Jabor HA; Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Department, College of Nursing, University of AL-Qadisiyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq., Skal BM; Medical Surgical Nursing Department, College of Nursing, University of AL-Qadisiyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq., Kareem HN; Community Health Nursing Department, College of Nursing, University of Al Qadisiyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq., Mottershead R; Psychiatric and Mental Health Department, College of Nursing, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. |
| Πηγή: | Frontiers in public health [Front Public Health] 2026 Sep 03; Vol. 14, pp. 1894880. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 03 (Print Publication: 2026). |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: Frontiers Editorial Office Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101616579 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2296-2565 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 22962565 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Front Public Health Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: Lausanne : Frontiers Editorial Office |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Body Image*/psychology , Weight Lifting*/psychology , Exercise*/psychology , Self Concept* , Resistance Training*, Humans ; Case-Control Studies ; Adult ; Female ; Male ; Iraq ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult ; Body Satisfaction |
| Περίληψη: | Background: Regular bodybuilding and resistance training may positively influence psychological wellbeing, particularly self-confidence and body image perception. This study aimed to compare self-confidence and body image between adults engaged in daily bodybuilding exercise and non-exercising adults in Iraq. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in Al-Diwaniyah City, Iraq, between August 2025 and April 2026. A total of 188 participants were enrolled using a purposive sampling method, including 94 adults engaged in regular bodybuilding exercise and 94 non-exercising controls. Data were collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Self-Confidence Scale, and the Body Image Scale. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25. Statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05. Results: No significant sociodemographic differences were observed between the two groups (p > 0.05). Participants in the bodybuilding group demonstrated significantly higher total self-confidence scores compared with controls (148.37 ± 25.6 vs. 137.32 ± 26.7, p = 0.004). Significant differences were observed in several self-confidence domains, including social interaction, optimism, communication confidence, and appearance-related concerns (all p < 0.05). Body image scores were also significantly higher among bodybuilders (32.69 ± 7.6 vs. 29.70 ± 5.5, p = 0.002), indicating more positive body image perception and lower appearance-related distress. Logistic regression analysis showed that higher self-confidence scores were independently associated with increased likelihood of belonging to the bodybuilding group (OR = 0.988, 95% CI: 0.976-0.999, p = 0.040). Similarly, body image scores were significant predictors of group membership (OR = 0.937, 95% CI: 0.892-0.984, p = 0.009). Conclusion: Adults who regularly participated in bodybuilding had significantly higher self-confidence and a more positive body image than non-exercising adults. These findings indicate an association rather than a causal relationship, as individuals with higher self-confidence and a more positive body image may be more likely to engage in bodybuilding. Regular participation in bodybuilding was associated with higher self-confidence and more positive body image among adults in this study. However, because of the case-control design, the direction of this association cannot be determined. (Copyright © 2026 Jabor, Skal, Kareem and Mottershead.) |
| Competing Interests: | The author(s) declared that this work was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. |
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| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Iraq; body image; bodybuilding; physical exercise; psychological wellbeing; self-confidence |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260918 Date Completed: 20260918 Latest Revision: 20260919 |
| Update Code: | 20260919 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC13581573 |
| DOI: | 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1894880 |
| PMID: | 42755608 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
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