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Pulse width-dependent Monte Carlo source modeling for ultra-high dose rate electron beams.

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Title: Pulse width-dependent Monte Carlo source modeling for ultra-high dose rate electron beams.
Authors: Henao Isaza Á; Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Carrer dels Til.lers s/n, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallés (Bellaterra), Barcelona, Spain., López Paz I; Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Carrer dels Til.lers s/n, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallés (Bellaterra), Barcelona, Spain., Guardiola C; Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Carrer dels Til.lers s/n, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallés (Bellaterra), Barcelona, Spain., Sebastián Moreno J; Institut Curie, Inserm U1353-CNRS UMR9029, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, PSL Research University, 91405 Orsay, France.; Physics Department, National University of Colombia, Cuidad Universitaria, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia., Heinrich S; Institut Curie, Inserm U1353-CNRS UMR9029, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, PSL Research University, 91405 Orsay, France.
Source: Physics in medicine and biology [Phys Med Biol] 2026 Oct 01; Vol. 71 (19). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Oct 01.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: IOP Publishing Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0401220 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1361-6560 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00319155 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Phys Med Biol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Bristol : IOP Publishing
MeSH Terms: Electrons*/therapeutic use , Monte Carlo Method* , Radiation Dosage*, Animals ; Mice ; Radiotherapy Dosage
Abstract: Objective.The emergence of ultra-high dose rate (UHDR) electron beams has highlighted the need for accurate Monte Carlo (MC) source models after recent measurements revealed pulse width (PW)-dependent discrepancies in dose profiles. This work aims to develop and validate a MC source model for conventional and FLASH modes using GATE 10, including PW dependence.Approach.Percentage depth dose (PDD) curves and lateral dose profiles were measured in water using a flashDiamond detector for PWs of 0.5-5s. These data were used to optimize the parametric source model throughminimization and gamma analysis. Validation was performed using a mouse collimator and PMMA slabs. Relative dose distributions and cumulative dose-volume histograms were computed in a CT-based voxelised mouse, with and without bolus.Main results.The optimized FLASH source model features a dual-peak energy spectrum with a PW-dependent energy component (7.0-7.8 MeV for 0.5-5s) and low-energy component probability. In conventional mode, a two-component spectrum (1.51.0 and 6.81.5 MeV) was used. Simulations showed good agreement with measurements (gamma-index 2 mm/2% anddifferences for,and). Differences in the mouse lung volume receiving at least 95% of the maximum dose (V95) were 1% across FLASH PWs, increasing to 5% and 12% in CONV without and with bolus, respectively. Bolus increased V95in FLASH by 17%, indicating improved target coverage.Significance.A GATE 10 MC-based source model of the ElectronFLASH LINAC was developed for both UHDR (PW-dependent) and conventional modes. Despite PW-dependent energy variations, no significant dosimetric differences were observed between PWs in FLASH in the preclinical mouse model. The model provides a reliable tool for optimization of preclinical irradiation setups for FLASH biological studies in the absence of a treatment planning system.
(Creative Commons Attribution license.)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: FLASH electron linac; FLASH-RT; GATE; dosimetry
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260916 Date Completed: 20261001 Latest Revision: 20261001
Update Code: 20261001
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aea8c4
PMID: 42748957
Database: MEDLINE
FullText Text:
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  Data: Pulse width-dependent Monte Carlo source modeling for ultra-high dose rate electron beams.
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  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Henao+Isaza+Á%22">Henao Isaza Á</searchLink>; Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Carrer dels Til.lers s/n, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallés (Bellaterra), Barcelona, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22López+Paz+I%22">López Paz I</searchLink>; Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Carrer dels Til.lers s/n, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallés (Bellaterra), Barcelona, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Guardiola+C%22">Guardiola C</searchLink>; Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Carrer dels Til.lers s/n, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallés (Bellaterra), Barcelona, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sebastián+Moreno+J%22">Sebastián Moreno J</searchLink>; Institut Curie, Inserm U1353-CNRS UMR9029, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, PSL Research University, 91405 Orsay, France.; Physics Department, National University of Colombia, Cuidad Universitaria, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Heinrich+S%22">Heinrich S</searchLink>; Institut Curie, Inserm U1353-CNRS UMR9029, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, PSL Research University, 91405 Orsay, France.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%220401220%22">Physics in medicine and biology</searchLink> [Phys Med Biol] 2026 Oct 01; Vol. 71 (19). <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Oct 01.
– Name: TypePub
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  Data: Journal Article
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  Data: English
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22IOP+Publishing%22">IOP Publishing </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>England <i>NLM ID: </i>0401220 <i>Publication Model: </i>Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1361-6560 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2200319155%22">00319155 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Phys Med Biol <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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  Label: Imprint Name(s)
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  Data: <i>Original Publication</i>: Bristol : IOP Publishing
– Name: SubjectMESH
  Label: MeSH Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Electrons%22">Electrons*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Electrons+therapeutic+use%22">therapeutic use</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Monte+Carlo+Method%22">Monte Carlo Method*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Radiation+Dosage%22">Radiation Dosage*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Animals%22">Animals</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Mice%22">Mice</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Radiotherapy+Dosage%22">Radiotherapy Dosage</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Objective.The emergence of ultra-high dose rate (UHDR) electron beams has highlighted the need for accurate Monte Carlo (MC) source models after recent measurements revealed pulse width (PW)-dependent discrepancies in dose profiles. This work aims to develop and validate a MC source model for conventional and FLASH modes using GATE 10, including PW dependence.Approach.Percentage depth dose (PDD) curves and lateral dose profiles were measured in water using a flashDiamond detector for PWs of 0.5-5s. These data were used to optimize the parametric source model throughminimization and gamma analysis. Validation was performed using a mouse collimator and PMMA slabs. Relative dose distributions and cumulative dose-volume histograms were computed in a CT-based voxelised mouse, with and without bolus.Main results.The optimized FLASH source model features a dual-peak energy spectrum with a PW-dependent energy component (7.0-7.8 MeV for 0.5-5s) and low-energy component probability. In conventional mode, a two-component spectrum (1.51.0 and 6.81.5 MeV) was used. Simulations showed good agreement with measurements (gamma-index 2 mm/2% anddifferences for,and). Differences in the mouse lung volume receiving at least 95% of the maximum dose (V95) were 1% across FLASH PWs, increasing to 5% and 12% in CONV without and with bolus, respectively. Bolus increased V95in FLASH by 17%, indicating improved target coverage.Significance.A GATE 10 MC-based source model of the ElectronFLASH LINAC was developed for both UHDR (PW-dependent) and conventional modes. Despite PW-dependent energy variations, no significant dosimetric differences were observed between PWs in FLASH in the preclinical mouse model. The model provides a reliable tool for optimization of preclinical irradiation setups for FLASH biological studies in the absence of a treatment planning system.<br /> (Creative Commons Attribution license.)
– Name: SubjectMinor
  Label: Contributed Indexing
  Group:
  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>FLASH electron linac; FLASH-RT; GATE; dosimetry
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  Label: Entry Date(s)
  Group: Date
  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260916 <i>Date Completed: </i>20261001 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20261001
– Name: DateUpdate
  Label: Update Code
  Group: Date
  Data: 20261001
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
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  Data: 10.1088/1361-6560/aea8c4
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  Label: PMID
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  Data: 42748957
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42748957
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        Value: 10.1088/1361-6560/aea8c4
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Animals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mice
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Radiotherapy Dosage
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electrons therapeutic use
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Monte Carlo Method
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Radiation Dosage
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Pulse width-dependent Monte Carlo source modeling for ultra-high dose rate electron beams.
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            NameFull: Henao Isaza Á
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            NameFull: López Paz I
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            NameFull: Guardiola C
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            NameFull: Sebastián Moreno J
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              Text: 2026 Oct 01
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