Academic Journal
Driver behavior around driver readiness alerts versus attention reminders while using Tesla Autopilot.
| Τίτλος: | Driver behavior around driver readiness alerts versus attention reminders while using Tesla Autopilot. |
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| Συγγραφείς: | Mueller AS; Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 4121 Wilson Blvd, Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22203, United States. Electronic address: amueller@iihs.org., Gershon P; MIT Center for Transportation Logistics, AgeLab, 1 Amherst St, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States., Haus SH; MIT Center for Transportation Logistics, AgeLab, 1 Amherst St, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States., Cicchino JB; Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 4121 Wilson Blvd, Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22203, United States., Mehler B; MIT Center for Transportation Logistics, AgeLab, 1 Amherst St, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States., Reimer B; MIT Center for Transportation Logistics, AgeLab, 1 Amherst St, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States. |
| Πηγή: | Journal of safety research [J Safety Res] 2026 Sep; Vol. 98, pp. 91-104. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 17. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: Pergamon Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 1264241 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-1247 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00224375 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Safety Res Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: Elmsford, NY : Pergamon Press Original Publication: [Chicago] National Safety Council. |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Automobile Driving*/psychology , Attention* , Reminder Systems* , Automobiles*, Accidents, Traffic/prevention & control ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult |
| Περίληψη: | Introduction: Tesla's Autopilot attention reminders typically follow escalation sequences that start with visual-only alerts, but some alerts bypass this escalation pattern and begin with the visual-audible alert phase. This study's aim was to understand what triggered those alerts and how drivers behave around them over time. Method: We analyzed 283 alerts that bypassed the visual-only phase from 13 drivers who used a 2020 Tesla Model 3 as their personal vehicle for 4 weeks. We identified roadway features and driver behaviors that were present around these alerts. Results: Alerts most often occurred on high-speed, limited-access roads and during the daytime. Gores, lane splits or merges, and single-lane roads were most likely to be present leading up to these alerts. Unlike the attention reminders we analyzed in an earlier paper, which followed the typical sequence, the alerts bypassing the visual-only phase did not change significantly over time either in frequency or duration. Drivers were more likely to have at least one hand on the wheel around these alerts than around attention reminders. Drivers often looked at the center stack display during the alerts. Secondary activity unrelated to driving was more prevalent than driving-related activity throughout the study. Conclusions: Despite their similarity to attention reminders, alerts that bypass the visual-only phase appear more closely associated with the environment than with driver behavior. They may serve as driver readiness prompts when scenarios that Autopilot finds difficult appear. Driver readiness alerts did not undermine attention reminder efficacy or Autopilot use; however, neither alert type extinguished undesired driver behavior. (Copyright © 2026 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.) |
| Competing Interests: | Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Automation safeguards; Environment; Level 2 driving automation; Partial automation; Road |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260915 Date Completed: 20260915 Latest Revision: 20261005 |
| Update Code: | 20261005 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.05.021 |
| PMID: | 42744520 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
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