Academic Journal
Προβολή σε EDS

Driver behavior around driver readiness alerts versus attention reminders while using Tesla Autopilot.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος: Driver behavior around driver readiness alerts versus attention reminders while using Tesla Autopilot.
Συγγραφείς: Mueller AS; Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 4121 Wilson Blvd, Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22203, United States. Electronic address: amueller@iihs.org., Gershon P; MIT Center for Transportation Logistics, AgeLab, 1 Amherst St, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States., Haus SH; MIT Center for Transportation Logistics, AgeLab, 1 Amherst St, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States., Cicchino JB; Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 4121 Wilson Blvd, Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22203, United States., Mehler B; MIT Center for Transportation Logistics, AgeLab, 1 Amherst St, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States., Reimer B; MIT Center for Transportation Logistics, AgeLab, 1 Amherst St, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States.
Πηγή: Journal of safety research [J Safety Res] 2026 Sep; Vol. 98, pp. 91-104. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 17.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Pergamon Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 1264241 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-1247 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00224375 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Safety Res Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: Elmsford, NY : Pergamon Press
Original Publication: [Chicago] National Safety Council.
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Automobile Driving*/psychology , Attention* , Reminder Systems* , Automobiles*, Accidents, Traffic/prevention & control ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult
Περίληψη: Introduction: Tesla's Autopilot attention reminders typically follow escalation sequences that start with visual-only alerts, but some alerts bypass this escalation pattern and begin with the visual-audible alert phase. This study's aim was to understand what triggered those alerts and how drivers behave around them over time.
Method: We analyzed 283 alerts that bypassed the visual-only phase from 13 drivers who used a 2020 Tesla Model 3 as their personal vehicle for 4 weeks. We identified roadway features and driver behaviors that were present around these alerts.
Results: Alerts most often occurred on high-speed, limited-access roads and during the daytime. Gores, lane splits or merges, and single-lane roads were most likely to be present leading up to these alerts. Unlike the attention reminders we analyzed in an earlier paper, which followed the typical sequence, the alerts bypassing the visual-only phase did not change significantly over time either in frequency or duration. Drivers were more likely to have at least one hand on the wheel around these alerts than around attention reminders. Drivers often looked at the center stack display during the alerts. Secondary activity unrelated to driving was more prevalent than driving-related activity throughout the study.
Conclusions: Despite their similarity to attention reminders, alerts that bypass the visual-only phase appear more closely associated with the environment than with driver behavior. They may serve as driver readiness prompts when scenarios that Autopilot finds difficult appear. Driver readiness alerts did not undermine attention reminder efficacy or Autopilot use; however, neither alert type extinguished undesired driver behavior.
(Copyright © 2026 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Automation safeguards; Environment; Level 2 driving automation; Partial automation; Road
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260915 Date Completed: 20260915 Latest Revision: 20261005
Update Code: 20261005
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.05.021
PMID: 42744520
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
CustomLinks:
  – Url: https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2026.05.021?
    Name: ScienceDirect (all content) (s7799221)
    Category: fullText
    Text: View record from ScienceDirect
    MouseOverText: View record from ScienceDirect
  – Url: https://resolver.ebsco.com/c/fiv2js/result?sid=EBSCO:cmedm&genre=article&issn=18791247&ISBN=&volume=98&issue=&date=20260901&spage=91&pages=91-104&title=Journal of safety research&atitle=Driver%20behavior%20around%20driver%20readiness%20alerts%20versus%20attention%20reminders%20while%20using%20Tesla%20Autopilot.&aulast=Mueller%20AS&id=DOI:10.1016/j.jsr.2026.05.021
    Name: Full Text Finder (for New FTF UI) (ns324271)
    Category: fullText
    Text: Full Text Finder
    MouseOverText: Full Text Finder
Header DbId: cmedm
DbLabel: MEDLINE
An: 42744520
AccessLevel: 3
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Driver behavior around driver readiness alerts versus attention reminders while using Tesla Autopilot.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mueller+AS%22">Mueller AS</searchLink>; Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 4121 Wilson Blvd, Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22203, United States. Electronic address: amueller@iihs.org.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gershon+P%22">Gershon P</searchLink>; MIT Center for Transportation Logistics, AgeLab, 1 Amherst St, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Haus+SH%22">Haus SH</searchLink>; MIT Center for Transportation Logistics, AgeLab, 1 Amherst St, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cicchino+JB%22">Cicchino JB</searchLink>; Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 4121 Wilson Blvd, Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22203, United States.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mehler+B%22">Mehler B</searchLink>; MIT Center for Transportation Logistics, AgeLab, 1 Amherst St, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Reimer+B%22">Reimer B</searchLink>; MIT Center for Transportation Logistics, AgeLab, 1 Amherst St, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States.
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%221264241%22">Journal of safety research</searchLink> [J Safety Res] 2026 Sep; Vol. 98, pp. 91-104. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Jun 17.
– Name: TypePub
  Label: Publication Type
  Group: TypPub
  Data: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
– Name: Language
  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Journal Info
  Group: Src
  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Pergamon+Press%22">Pergamon Press </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>United States <i>NLM ID: </i>1264241 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1879-1247 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2200224375%22">00224375 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>J Safety Res <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
– Name: PublisherInfo
  Label: Imprint Name(s)
  Group: PubInfo
  Data: <i>Publication</i>: Elmsford, NY : Pergamon Press<br /><i>Original Publication</i>: [Chicago] National Safety Council.
– Name: SubjectMESH
  Label: MeSH Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Automobile+Driving%22">Automobile Driving*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Automobile+Driving+psychology%22">psychology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Attention%22">Attention*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Reminder+Systems%22">Reminder Systems*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Automobiles%22">Automobiles*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Accidents%2C+Traffic%22">Accidents, Traffic</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Accidents%2C+Traffic+prevention+%26+control%22">prevention & control</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Male%22">Male</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Female%22">Female</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Adult%22">Adult</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Introduction: Tesla's Autopilot attention reminders typically follow escalation sequences that start with visual-only alerts, but some alerts bypass this escalation pattern and begin with the visual-audible alert phase. This study's aim was to understand what triggered those alerts and how drivers behave around them over time.<br />Method: We analyzed 283 alerts that bypassed the visual-only phase from 13 drivers who used a 2020 Tesla Model 3 as their personal vehicle for 4 weeks. We identified roadway features and driver behaviors that were present around these alerts.<br />Results: Alerts most often occurred on high-speed, limited-access roads and during the daytime. Gores, lane splits or merges, and single-lane roads were most likely to be present leading up to these alerts. Unlike the attention reminders we analyzed in an earlier paper, which followed the typical sequence, the alerts bypassing the visual-only phase did not change significantly over time either in frequency or duration. Drivers were more likely to have at least one hand on the wheel around these alerts than around attention reminders. Drivers often looked at the center stack display during the alerts. Secondary activity unrelated to driving was more prevalent than driving-related activity throughout the study.<br />Conclusions: Despite their similarity to attention reminders, alerts that bypass the visual-only phase appear more closely associated with the environment than with driver behavior. They may serve as driver readiness prompts when scenarios that Autopilot finds difficult appear. Driver readiness alerts did not undermine attention reminder efficacy or Autopilot use; however, neither alert type extinguished undesired driver behavior.<br /> (Copyright © 2026 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
– Name: SubjectMinor
  Label: Contributed Indexing
  Group:
  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Automation safeguards; Environment; Level 2 driving automation; Partial automation; Road
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date(s)
  Group: Date
  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260915 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260915 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20261005
– Name: DateUpdate
  Label: Update Code
  Group: Date
  Data: 20261005
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.05.021
– Name: AN
  Label: PMID
  Group: ID
  Data: 42744520
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42744520
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.05.021
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        StartPage: 91
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Accidents, Traffic prevention & control
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Humans
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Male
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Female
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Adult
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Automobile Driving psychology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Attention
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Reminder Systems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Automobiles
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Driver behavior around driver readiness alerts versus attention reminders while using Tesla Autopilot.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Mueller AS
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Gershon P
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Haus SH
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Cicchino JB
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Mehler B
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Reimer B
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 09
              Text: 2026 Sep
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1879-1247
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 98
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Journal of safety research
              Type: main
ResultId 1