Academic Journal
Comprehensive effects of pretreatments and pipe materials on water quality stability and potential microbial risks in reclaimed water distribution systems.
| Τίτλος: | Comprehensive effects of pretreatments and pipe materials on water quality stability and potential microbial risks in reclaimed water distribution systems. |
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| Συγγραφείς: | Bai Y; School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China., Xue S; CSCEC SCIMEE Sci.& Tech. Co., Ltd, Chengdu, 610045, China., Wu Y; State Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Sustainability, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing, 100084, China. Electronic address: wuyinhu@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn., Wang R; State Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Sustainability, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing, 100084, China., Chang L; School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China., Wang H; China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, China., Chen Z; State Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Sustainability, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing, 100084, China., Hu H; State Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Sustainability, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing, 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China. |
| Πηγή: | Journal of environmental management [J Environ Manage] 2026 Sep 15; Vol. 417, pp. 130926. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 15. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: Academic Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0401664 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1095-8630 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03014797 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Environ Manage Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: London ; New York, Academic Press. |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Water Purification*/methods , Water Quality* , Water Microbiology*, Disinfection ; Chlorine ; Filtration ; Water Supply ; Biofilms ; Iron |
| Περίληψη: | Maintaining chemical and biological water stability throughout reclaimed water distribution systems (RWDSs) is critical for safe water reuse. This study conducted a 140-d continuous investigation of simulated RWDSs equipped with ductile iron and polyethylene pipes under influents pretreated by biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration and chlorine disinfection. Overall, microbial communities exhibited remarkable differences at sampling niches (influents, effluents, and pipe wall biofilms) at the significance of p < 0.01, irrespective of pretreatment strategies. NST and βNTI analysis further revealed that stochastic processes governed biofilm and effluent community assembly, diminishing pretreatment-derived deterministic selection pressures in influents. As for water quality, chlorine disinfection effectively suppressed HPC in influents (>90% removal) and significantly reduced pathogen loads, but led to severe corrosion accompanied with pronounced iron and manganese release (rising 40∼78-fold) in ductile iron pipe. The application of polyethylene pipe eliminated the corrosion drawback while simultaneously achieved chlorine's disinfection strengths, keeping a low HPC level of 7 × 104 CFU/mL after 140-d operation. Conversely, BAC filtration exhibited consistent performances in both ductile iron and polyethylene pipes, maintaining HPC at 3∼5 × 105 CFU/mL by achieving over 67% AOC removal and showing advantages in corrosion resistance. Moreover, a normalized performance scoring method was used to quantitatively assess the combined effects of pretreatments and pipe materials on chemical and biological stability of RWDSs. BAC pretreatment was preferred in existing ductile iron and other metallic distribution networks, while both BAC or chlorine pretreatments combined with plastic pipes, according to different requirements and scenarios, are promising alternatives for new installed or scheduled RWDSs. This study moves beyond a single focus on water quality towards a more integrated assessment of the whole system, and provides suitable application scenarios for better RWDSs management. (Copyright © 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.) |
| Competing Interests: | Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: BAC filtration; Chlorine disinfection; Pipe material; Reclaimed water distribution systems (RWDSs); Water stability |
| Substance Nomenclature: | 4R7X1O2820 (Chlorine) E1UOL152H7 (Iron) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260915 Date Completed: 20260929 Latest Revision: 20260929 |
| Update Code: | 20260929 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.130926 |
| PMID: | 42743841 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
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