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The Influence of Fatty Acid Expression Methods on Associations with Cardiometabolic Biomarkers: Evidence from NHANES 2011-2012.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος: The Influence of Fatty Acid Expression Methods on Associations with Cardiometabolic Biomarkers: Evidence from NHANES 2011-2012.
Συγγραφείς: Hallmark B; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA., Zec MM; Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA., Johnstone L; School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, College of Agriculture Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA., Standage-Beier CS; School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, College of Agriculture Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA., Sergeant S; Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA., Snider JM; School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, College of Agriculture Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA., Brenna JT; Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA.; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA.; Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA.; Department of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA., Chilton FH; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.; School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, College of Agriculture Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.; Center for Precision Nutrition and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.; Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64710, Mexico.
Πηγή: Nutrients [Nutrients] 2026 Sep 04; Vol. 18 (17). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 04.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: MDPI Publishing Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101521595 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2072-6643 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20726643 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nutrients Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : MDPI Publishing
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Fatty Acids*/blood, Biomarkers/blood ; Linoleic Acid/blood ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/blood ; Arachidonic Acid/blood ; Docosahexaenoic Acids/blood ; Stearic Acids/blood ; Humans ; Nutrition Surveys ; Female ; Male ; Adult ; Middle Aged
Περίληψη: Background/Objectives: Fatty acids (FAs) are critical mediators of human physiology, yet associations between dietary intake, circulating FA levels, and health outcomes remain debated. Circulating FAs are typically reported as a percentage of total FA (% total), whereas absolute concentrations are measured infrequently. Although mathematically related, these metrics provide distinct information. NHANES 2011-2012 uniquely provided serum FA concentrations, enabling direct comparison of concentration and % total within the same individuals. Methods: Serum FAs measured by electron capture negative-ion mass spectrometry in NHANES 2011-2012 were expressed as both absolute concentrations (µmol/L) and % total. Associations of each representation with lipid and non-lipid cardiometabolic biomarkers were evaluated and compared with total FA concentrations. Results: For multiple FAs and biomarkers, the direction of association differed depending on whether FAs were expressed as concentration or % total. These reversals occurred when total FAs varied more strongly with the biomarker than the individual FA concentration, allowing a FA to increase in absolute concentration while decreasing as a percentage of the total FA pool. Reversals were observed for several major FAs, including linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (ARA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and stearic acid (SA). Total FA concentrations were strongly associated with most biomarkers. Conclusions: FA concentrations and % total are complementary, not interchangeable, measures that capture distinct aspects of circulating FA biology. Associations with outcomes can be in opposite directions when the total plasma FA pool varies. These differences reflect underlying mathematical and biological relationships rather than methodological error. Future studies should routinely evaluate the total FA pool size alongside FA composition. Examining both representations alongside total FA can help distinguish changes in absolute FA abundance from changes in relative composition and provide a more complete interpretation of FA associations.
Σχόλια: Update of: medRxiv. 2025 Nov 20:2025.11.19.25340593. doi: 10.1101/2025.11.19.25340593.. (PMID: 41332856)
References: Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2025 Feb 18;32(3):233-246. (PMID: 39365172)
Adv Exp Med Biol. 1978;109:317-30. (PMID: 727035)
Circulation. 2014 Oct 7;130(15):1245-53. (PMID: 25124495)
Elife. 2024 Apr 05;12:. (PMID: 38578269)
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017 Dec;5(12):965-974. (PMID: 29032079)
Lipids. 2012 May;47(5):541-7. (PMID: 22446846)
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Nov 30;11:CD003177. (PMID: 30521670)
Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jan;93(1):127-42. (PMID: 20980488)
Br J Nutr. 2009 Jul;102(2):279-84. (PMID: 19105853)
Food Nutr Res. 2014 Jul 10;58:. (PMID: 25045347)
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Nov 29;11:CD011094. (PMID: 30488422)
Stroke. 2006 Dec;37(12):2898-903. (PMID: 17053177)
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Feb 9;77(5):593-608. (PMID: 33538258)
Arch Intern Med. 2005 Jan 24;165(2):193-9. (PMID: 15668366)
Br J Nutr. 1995 Jul;74(1):55-68. (PMID: 7547829)
Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Feb;91(2):398-405. (PMID: 19955401)
Br J Nutr. 2016 Jan 28;115(2):251-61. (PMID: 26615716)
Am J Clin Nutr. 2018 Aug 1;108(2):211-227. (PMID: 29931035)
Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jul;88(1):203-9. (PMID: 18614742)
Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jul;86(1):189-97. (PMID: 17616780)
Mol Genet Metab. 2001 May;73(1):38-45. (PMID: 11350181)
Lipids Health Dis. 2024 Sep 12;23(1):296. (PMID: 39267068)
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2008 Sep;18(7):503-10. (PMID: 18042359)
BMJ. 2013 Feb 04;346:e8707. (PMID: 23386268)
Circ Res. 2024 Jun 21;135(1):222-260. (PMID: 38900855)
Circulation. 2019 May 21;139(21):2422-2436. (PMID: 30971107)
Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jul;78(1):91-8. (PMID: 12816776)
Nutrients. 2024 Sep 02;16(17):. (PMID: 39275249)
Grant Information: R01 AT008621 United States AT NCCIH NIH HHS; 2R01AT008621-07 United States NH NIH HHS
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: PUFAs; fat Recommendations; fatty acids; linoleic acid; lipid biology
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Biomarkers)
0 (Fatty Acids)
9KJL21T0QJ (Linoleic Acid)
0 (Fatty Acids, Unsaturated)
27YG812J1I (Arachidonic Acid)
NS3OZT14QT (docosapentaenoic acid)
25167-62-8 (Docosahexaenoic Acids)
4ELV7Z65AP (stearic acid)
0 (Stearic Acids)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260915 Date Completed: 20260915 Latest Revision: 20260922
Update Code: 20260922
PubMed Central ID: PMC13566945
DOI: 10.3390/nu18172905
PMID: 42739077
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: The Influence of Fatty Acid Expression Methods on Associations with Cardiometabolic Biomarkers: Evidence from NHANES 2011-2012.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hallmark+B%22">Hallmark B</searchLink>; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zec+MM%22">Zec MM</searchLink>; Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Johnstone+L%22">Johnstone L</searchLink>; School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, College of Agriculture Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Standage-Beier+CS%22">Standage-Beier CS</searchLink>; School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, College of Agriculture Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sergeant+S%22">Sergeant S</searchLink>; Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Snider+JM%22">Snider JM</searchLink>; School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, College of Agriculture Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Brenna+JT%22">Brenna JT</searchLink>; Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA.; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA.; Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA.; Department of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chilton+FH%22">Chilton FH</searchLink>; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.; School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, College of Agriculture Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.; Center for Precision Nutrition and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.; Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64710, Mexico.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22101521595%22">Nutrients</searchLink> [Nutrients] 2026 Sep 04; Vol. 18 (17). <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Sep 04.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Fatty+Acids%22">Fatty Acids*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Fatty+Acids+blood%22">blood</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Biomarkers%22">Biomarkers</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Biomarkers+blood%22">blood</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Linoleic+Acid%22">Linoleic Acid</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Linoleic+Acid+blood%22">blood</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Fatty+Acids%2C+Unsaturated%22">Fatty Acids, Unsaturated</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Fatty+Acids%2C+Unsaturated+blood%22">blood</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Arachidonic+Acid%22">Arachidonic Acid</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Arachidonic+Acid+blood%22">blood</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Docosahexaenoic+Acids%22">Docosahexaenoic Acids</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Docosahexaenoic+Acids+blood%22">blood</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Stearic+Acids%22">Stearic Acids</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Stearic+Acids+blood%22">blood</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Nutrition+Surveys%22">Nutrition Surveys</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Female%22">Female</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Male%22">Male</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Adult%22">Adult</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Middle+Aged%22">Middle Aged</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Background/Objectives: Fatty acids (FAs) are critical mediators of human physiology, yet associations between dietary intake, circulating FA levels, and health outcomes remain debated. Circulating FAs are typically reported as a percentage of total FA (% total), whereas absolute concentrations are measured infrequently. Although mathematically related, these metrics provide distinct information. NHANES 2011-2012 uniquely provided serum FA concentrations, enabling direct comparison of concentration and % total within the same individuals. Methods: Serum FAs measured by electron capture negative-ion mass spectrometry in NHANES 2011-2012 were expressed as both absolute concentrations (µmol/L) and % total. Associations of each representation with lipid and non-lipid cardiometabolic biomarkers were evaluated and compared with total FA concentrations. Results: For multiple FAs and biomarkers, the direction of association differed depending on whether FAs were expressed as concentration or % total. These reversals occurred when total FAs varied more strongly with the biomarker than the individual FA concentration, allowing a FA to increase in absolute concentration while decreasing as a percentage of the total FA pool. Reversals were observed for several major FAs, including linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (ARA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and stearic acid (SA). Total FA concentrations were strongly associated with most biomarkers. Conclusions: FA concentrations and % total are complementary, not interchangeable, measures that capture distinct aspects of circulating FA biology. Associations with outcomes can be in opposite directions when the total plasma FA pool varies. These differences reflect underlying mathematical and biological relationships rather than methodological error. Future studies should routinely evaluate the total FA pool size alongside FA composition. Examining both representations alongside total FA can help distinguish changes in absolute FA abundance from changes in relative composition and provide a more complete interpretation of FA associations.
– Name: Comment
  Label: Comments
  Group: Commnt
  Data: Update of: medRxiv. 2025 Nov 20:2025.11.19.25340593. doi: 10.1101/2025.11.19.25340593.. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241332856%22">41332856)</searchLink>
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2025 Feb 18;32(3):233-246. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239365172%22">39365172)</searchLink><br />Adv Exp Med Biol. 1978;109:317-30. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%22727035%22">727035)</searchLink><br />Circulation. 2014 Oct 7;130(15):1245-53. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225124495%22">25124495)</searchLink><br />Elife. 2024 Apr 05;12:. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238578269%22">38578269)</searchLink><br />Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017 Dec;5(12):965-974. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229032079%22">29032079)</searchLink><br />Lipids. 2012 May;47(5):541-7. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222446846%22">22446846)</searchLink><br />Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Nov 30;11:CD003177. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230521670%22">30521670)</searchLink><br />Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jan;93(1):127-42. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220980488%22">20980488)</searchLink><br />Br J Nutr. 2009 Jul;102(2):279-84. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219105853%22">19105853)</searchLink><br />Food Nutr Res. 2014 Jul 10;58:. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225045347%22">25045347)</searchLink><br />Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Nov 29;11:CD011094. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230488422%22">30488422)</searchLink><br />Stroke. 2006 Dec;37(12):2898-903. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217053177%22">17053177)</searchLink><br />J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Feb 9;77(5):593-608. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233538258%22">33538258)</searchLink><br />Arch Intern Med. 2005 Jan 24;165(2):193-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215668366%22">15668366)</searchLink><br />Br J Nutr. 1995 Jul;74(1):55-68. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%227547829%22">7547829)</searchLink><br />Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Feb;91(2):398-405. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219955401%22">19955401)</searchLink><br />Br J Nutr. 2016 Jan 28;115(2):251-61. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226615716%22">26615716)</searchLink><br />Am J Clin Nutr. 2018 Aug 1;108(2):211-227. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229931035%22">29931035)</searchLink><br />Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jul;88(1):203-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2218614742%22">18614742)</searchLink><br />Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jul;86(1):189-97. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217616780%22">17616780)</searchLink><br />Mol Genet Metab. 2001 May;73(1):38-45. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2211350181%22">11350181)</searchLink><br />Lipids Health Dis. 2024 Sep 12;23(1):296. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239267068%22">39267068)</searchLink><br />Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2008 Sep;18(7):503-10. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2218042359%22">18042359)</searchLink><br />BMJ. 2013 Feb 04;346:e8707. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223386268%22">23386268)</searchLink><br />Circ Res. 2024 Jun 21;135(1):222-260. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238900855%22">38900855)</searchLink><br />Circulation. 2019 May 21;139(21):2422-2436. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230971107%22">30971107)</searchLink><br />Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jul;78(1):91-8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212816776%22">12816776)</searchLink><br />Nutrients. 2024 Sep 02;16(17):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239275249%22">39275249)</searchLink>
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        Text: English
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