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β-carotene attenuates calcium oxalate crystal-induced renal injury through suppression of NF-κB-mediated inflammation.

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Title: β-carotene attenuates calcium oxalate crystal-induced renal injury through suppression of NF-κB-mediated inflammation.
Authors: Su M; Department of Pathology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Guangde Street, Yaohai District, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China. Smq93885@163.com., Guan Y; Department of Pathology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Guangde Street, Yaohai District, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China., Wei H; Department of Pathology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Guangde Street, Yaohai District, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China., Chen L; Department of Pathology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Guangde Street, Yaohai District, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China., Dong W; Department of Pathology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Guangde Street, Yaohai District, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China.
Source: Urolithiasis [Urolithiasis] 2026 Sep 12; Vol. 54 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 12.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 101602699 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2194-7236 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 21947228 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Urolithiasis Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Berlin : Springer, [2013]-
MeSH Terms: beta Carotene*/pharmacology , beta Carotene*/therapeutic use , NF-kappa B*/metabolism , NF-kappa B*/antagonists & inhibitors , Calcium Oxalate*/chemistry , Inflammation*/drug therapy , Nephrocalcinosis*/chemically induced , Nephrocalcinosis*/drug therapy , Nephrocalcinosis*/pathology , Nephrolithiasis*/drug therapy, Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Signal Transduction/immunology ; Kidney Tubules, Proximal/cytology ; Kidney Tubules, Proximal/drug effects ; Kidney/pathology ; Kidney/drug effects ; Animals ; Mice ; Humans ; Disease Models, Animal ; Male ; Cell Line ; Molecular Docking Simulation
Abstract: Calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasis represents the most prevalent form of kidney stone disease and is characterized by persistent renal inflammation and tissue damage. β-Carotene, a naturally occurring carotenoid with well-documented anti-inflammatory properties, has demonstrated beneficial effects in a variety of inflammatory conditions; however, its potential role in CaOx crystal-associated renal injury remains largely unexplored. In this study, the effects of β-carotene on CaOx-induced renal damage were evaluated using both cellular and animal models. In human renal proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells, β-carotene effectively alleviated calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM)-induced injury, decreased kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) expression, and reduced the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1. Similarly, in a glyoxylate-induced nephrocalcinosis mouse model, β-carotene attenuated CaOx crystal accumulation, improved renal histopathological alterations and functional impairment, and suppressed inflammatory responses. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses were conducted. A total of 145 overlapping targets were identified, and enrichment analyses identified NF-κB signaling as one of the candidate pathways potentially involved in the protective effects of β-carotene. Molecular docking analysis suggested favorable binding affinities between β-carotene and several key targets. Experimental validation demonstrated that β-carotene markedly inhibited NF-κB activation in both in vitro and in vivo settings, whereas pharmacological activation of NF-κB partially abolished its beneficial effects. Taken together, these findings indicate that β-carotene ameliorates CaOx crystal-induced renal injury and inflammation, at least in part through suppression of NF-κB signaling, and may offer a potential basis for the development of novel preventive and therapeutic approaches for kidney stone disease.
(© 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
References: J Urol. 2005 Mar;173(3):848-57. (PMID: 15711292)
Int J Urol. 2008 Feb;15(2):115-20. (PMID: 18269444)
Cell Mol Life Sci. 2023 Sep 23;80(10):301. (PMID: 37740796)
Nat Rev Nephrol. 2021 Jun;17(6):417-433. (PMID: 33514941)
Eur J Med Res. 2025 Dec 10;30(1):1224. (PMID: 41372793)
Phytomedicine. 2025 Jan;136:156302. (PMID: 39662099)
J Nephrol. 2017 Apr;30(2):227-233. (PMID: 26969574)
Int Urol Nephrol. 2024 Feb;56(2):423-431. (PMID: 37740155)
Theranostics. 2020 Jun 5;10(16):7319-7334. (PMID: 32641994)
Int Immunopharmacol. 2022 Jun;107:108677. (PMID: 35255299)
Curr Drug Targets. 2025;26(9):591-612. (PMID: 40353475)
J Urol. 2013 Mar;189(3):803-11. (PMID: 23022011)
Front Pharmacol. 2022 Nov 03;13:1041117. (PMID: 36408256)
J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 Oct;20(10):2253-9. (PMID: 19679672)
Arch Biochem Biophys. 2018 Aug 15;652:18-26. (PMID: 29885291)
EBioMedicine. 2019 Dec;50:366-378. (PMID: 31735555)
Pak J Biol Sci. 2009 Aug 15;12(16):1140-5. (PMID: 19899325)
Food Funct. 2024 Dec 9;15(24):12033-12046. (PMID: 39563640)
Int J Biol Sci. 2025 Apr 22;21(7):3099-3121. (PMID: 40384863)
Int J Urol. 2008 Oct;15(10):924-8. (PMID: 18721209)
Rev Urol. 2010 Spring;12(2-3):e86-96. (PMID: 20811557)
J Food Sci. 2023 Jan;88(1):491-502. (PMID: 36448622)
Chin J Nat Med. 2023 May;21(5):323-332. (PMID: 37245871)
J Agric Food Chem. 2025 Jan 15;73(2):1542-1562. (PMID: 39741421)
World J Urol. 2017 Sep;35(9):1301-1320. (PMID: 28213860)
PLoS One. 2023 Apr 5;18(4):e0283779. (PMID: 37018237)
Chem Biol Interact. 2017 Dec 25;278:114-122. (PMID: 29054323)
Urolithiasis. 2025 Jul 2;53(1):134. (PMID: 40601009)
Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026 Aug;13(43):e75585. (PMID: 42107057)
Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2015 Jul;22(4):266-72. (PMID: 26088070)
J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Mar;28(3):761-768. (PMID: 27612997)
Adv Urol. 2018 Feb 4;2018:3068365. (PMID: 29515627)
Transl Androl Urol. 2014 Sep;3(3):285-95. (PMID: 26816779)
J Urol. 2022 Jan;207(1):144-151. (PMID: 34428923)
J Food Sci. 2021 May;86(5):2118-2130. (PMID: 33884622)
J Urol. 2010 Sep;184(3):1189-96. (PMID: 20663521)
Phytomedicine. 2024 Dec;135:156145. (PMID: 39461201)
Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016 Feb 25;2:16008. (PMID: 27188687)
Nutr Res. 2014 Nov;34(11):907-29. (PMID: 25134454)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Kidney stones; Network pharmacology NF-κΒ; β-Carotene
Substance Nomenclature: 01YAE03M7J (beta Carotene)
0 (NF-kappa B)
2612HC57YE (Calcium Oxalate)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260912 Date Completed: 20260912 Latest Revision: 20261008
Update Code: 20261008
DOI: 10.1007/s00240-026-02053-7
PMID: 42730918
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: β-carotene attenuates calcium oxalate crystal-induced renal injury through suppression of NF-κB-mediated inflammation.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Su+M%22">Su M</searchLink>; Department of Pathology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Guangde Street, Yaohai District, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China. Smq93885@163.com.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Guan+Y%22">Guan Y</searchLink>; Department of Pathology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Guangde Street, Yaohai District, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wei+H%22">Wei H</searchLink>; Department of Pathology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Guangde Street, Yaohai District, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chen+L%22">Chen L</searchLink>; Department of Pathology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Guangde Street, Yaohai District, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Dong+W%22">Dong W</searchLink>; Department of Pathology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Guangde Street, Yaohai District, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22101602699%22">Urolithiasis</searchLink> [Urolithiasis] 2026 Sep 12; Vol. 54 (1). <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Sep 12.
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  Data: <i>Original Publication</i>: Berlin : Springer, [2013]-
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22beta+Carotene%22">beta Carotene*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22beta+Carotene+pharmacology%22">pharmacology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22beta+Carotene%22">beta Carotene*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22beta+Carotene+therapeutic+use%22">therapeutic use</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22NF-kappa+B%22">NF-kappa B*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22NF-kappa+B+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22NF-kappa+B%22">NF-kappa B*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22NF-kappa+B+antagonists+%26+inhibitors%22">antagonists & inhibitors</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Calcium+Oxalate%22">Calcium Oxalate*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Calcium+Oxalate+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Inflammation%22">Inflammation*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Inflammation+drug+therapy%22">drug therapy</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nephrocalcinosis%22">Nephrocalcinosis*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nephrocalcinosis+chemically+induced%22">chemically induced</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nephrocalcinosis%22">Nephrocalcinosis*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nephrocalcinosis+drug+therapy%22">drug therapy</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nephrocalcinosis%22">Nephrocalcinosis*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nephrocalcinosis+pathology%22">pathology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nephrolithiasis%22">Nephrolithiasis*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nephrolithiasis+drug+therapy%22">drug therapy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Signal+Transduction%22">Signal Transduction</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Signal+Transduction+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Signal+Transduction%22">Signal Transduction</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Signal+Transduction+immunology%22">immunology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Kidney+Tubules%2C+Proximal%22">Kidney Tubules, Proximal</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Kidney+Tubules%2C+Proximal+cytology%22">cytology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Kidney+Tubules%2C+Proximal%22">Kidney Tubules, Proximal</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Kidney+Tubules%2C+Proximal+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Kidney%22">Kidney</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Kidney+pathology%22">pathology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Kidney%22">Kidney</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Kidney+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Animals%22">Animals</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Mice%22">Mice</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Disease+Models%2C+Animal%22">Disease Models, Animal</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Male%22">Male</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Cell+Line%22">Cell Line</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Molecular+Docking+Simulation%22">Molecular Docking Simulation</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasis represents the most prevalent form of kidney stone disease and is characterized by persistent renal inflammation and tissue damage. β-Carotene, a naturally occurring carotenoid with well-documented anti-inflammatory properties, has demonstrated beneficial effects in a variety of inflammatory conditions; however, its potential role in CaOx crystal-associated renal injury remains largely unexplored. In this study, the effects of β-carotene on CaOx-induced renal damage were evaluated using both cellular and animal models. In human renal proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells, β-carotene effectively alleviated calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM)-induced injury, decreased kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) expression, and reduced the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1. Similarly, in a glyoxylate-induced nephrocalcinosis mouse model, β-carotene attenuated CaOx crystal accumulation, improved renal histopathological alterations and functional impairment, and suppressed inflammatory responses. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses were conducted. A total of 145 overlapping targets were identified, and enrichment analyses identified NF-κB signaling as one of the candidate pathways potentially involved in the protective effects of β-carotene. Molecular docking analysis suggested favorable binding affinities between β-carotene and several key targets. Experimental validation demonstrated that β-carotene markedly inhibited NF-κB activation in both in vitro and in vivo settings, whereas pharmacological activation of NF-κB partially abolished its beneficial effects. Taken together, these findings indicate that β-carotene ameliorates CaOx crystal-induced renal injury and inflammation, at least in part through suppression of NF-κB signaling, and may offer a potential basis for the development of novel preventive and therapeutic approaches for kidney stone disease.<br /> (© 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: J Urol. 2005 Mar;173(3):848-57. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215711292%22">15711292)</searchLink><br />Int J Urol. 2008 Feb;15(2):115-20. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2218269444%22">18269444)</searchLink><br />Cell Mol Life Sci. 2023 Sep 23;80(10):301. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237740796%22">37740796)</searchLink><br />Nat Rev Nephrol. 2021 Jun;17(6):417-433. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233514941%22">33514941)</searchLink><br />Eur J Med Res. 2025 Dec 10;30(1):1224. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241372793%22">41372793)</searchLink><br />Phytomedicine. 2025 Jan;136:156302. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239662099%22">39662099)</searchLink><br />J Nephrol. 2017 Apr;30(2):227-233. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226969574%22">26969574)</searchLink><br />Int Urol Nephrol. 2024 Feb;56(2):423-431. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237740155%22">37740155)</searchLink><br />Theranostics. 2020 Jun 5;10(16):7319-7334. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232641994%22">32641994)</searchLink><br />Int Immunopharmacol. 2022 Jun;107:108677. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235255299%22">35255299)</searchLink><br />Curr Drug Targets. 2025;26(9):591-612. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240353475%22">40353475)</searchLink><br />J Urol. 2013 Mar;189(3):803-11. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223022011%22">23022011)</searchLink><br />Front Pharmacol. 2022 Nov 03;13:1041117. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236408256%22">36408256)</searchLink><br />J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 Oct;20(10):2253-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219679672%22">19679672)</searchLink><br />Arch Biochem Biophys. 2018 Aug 15;652:18-26. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229885291%22">29885291)</searchLink><br />EBioMedicine. 2019 Dec;50:366-378. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231735555%22">31735555)</searchLink><br />Pak J Biol Sci. 2009 Aug 15;12(16):1140-5. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219899325%22">19899325)</searchLink><br />Food Funct. 2024 Dec 9;15(24):12033-12046. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239563640%22">39563640)</searchLink><br />Int J Biol Sci. 2025 Apr 22;21(7):3099-3121. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240384863%22">40384863)</searchLink><br />Int J Urol. 2008 Oct;15(10):924-8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2218721209%22">18721209)</searchLink><br />Rev Urol. 2010 Spring;12(2-3):e86-96. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220811557%22">20811557)</searchLink><br />J Food Sci. 2023 Jan;88(1):491-502. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236448622%22">36448622)</searchLink><br />Chin J Nat Med. 2023 May;21(5):323-332. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237245871%22">37245871)</searchLink><br />J Agric Food Chem. 2025 Jan 15;73(2):1542-1562. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239741421%22">39741421)</searchLink><br />World J Urol. 2017 Sep;35(9):1301-1320. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228213860%22">28213860)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2023 Apr 5;18(4):e0283779. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237018237%22">37018237)</searchLink><br />Chem Biol Interact. 2017 Dec 25;278:114-122. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229054323%22">29054323)</searchLink><br />Urolithiasis. 2025 Jul 2;53(1):134. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240601009%22">40601009)</searchLink><br />Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026 Aug;13(43):e75585. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2242107057%22">42107057)</searchLink><br />Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2015 Jul;22(4):266-72. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226088070%22">26088070)</searchLink><br />J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Mar;28(3):761-768. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227612997%22">27612997)</searchLink><br />Adv Urol. 2018 Feb 4;2018:3068365. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229515627%22">29515627)</searchLink><br />Transl Androl Urol. 2014 Sep;3(3):285-95. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226816779%22">26816779)</searchLink><br />J Urol. 2022 Jan;207(1):144-151. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234428923%22">34428923)</searchLink><br />J Food Sci. 2021 May;86(5):2118-2130. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233884622%22">33884622)</searchLink><br />J Urol. 2010 Sep;184(3):1189-96. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220663521%22">20663521)</searchLink><br />Phytomedicine. 2024 Dec;135:156145. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239461201%22">39461201)</searchLink><br />Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016 Feb 25;2:16008. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227188687%22">27188687)</searchLink><br />Nutr Res. 2014 Nov;34(11):907-29. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225134454%22">25134454)</searchLink>
– Name: SubjectMinor
  Label: Contributed Indexing
  Group:
  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Kidney stones; Network pharmacology NF-κΒ; β-Carotene
– Name: NumberCAS
  Label: Substance Nomenclature
  Group: ID
  Data: 01YAE03M7J (beta Carotene)<br />0 (NF-kappa B)<br />2612HC57YE (Calcium Oxalate)
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  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260912 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260912 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20261008
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  Data: 20261008
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  Data: 10.1007/s00240-026-02053-7
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  Data: 42730918
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42730918
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        Value: 10.1007/s00240-026-02053-7
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Signal Transduction drug effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Signal Transduction immunology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Kidney Tubules, Proximal cytology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Kidney Tubules, Proximal drug effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Kidney pathology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Kidney drug effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Animals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mice
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Humans
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Disease Models, Animal
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Male
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cell Line
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Molecular Docking Simulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: beta Carotene pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: beta Carotene therapeutic use
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: NF-kappa B metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: NF-kappa B antagonists & inhibitors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Calcium Oxalate chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Inflammation drug therapy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nephrocalcinosis chemically induced
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nephrocalcinosis drug therapy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nephrocalcinosis pathology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nephrolithiasis drug therapy
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: β-carotene attenuates calcium oxalate crystal-induced renal injury through suppression of NF-κB-mediated inflammation.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Su M
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Guan Y
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Wei H
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Chen L
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Dong W
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 12
              M: 09
              Text: 2026 Sep 12
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 2194-7236
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 54
            – Type: issue
              Value: 1
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Urolithiasis
              Type: main
ResultId 1