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Reducing sitting time is essential for preserving sarcopenia and functional independence with aging: a comparative cross-sectional study.

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Τίτλος: Reducing sitting time is essential for preserving sarcopenia and functional independence with aging: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Συγγραφείς: Yoon TH; Research Institute of Sports and Industry Science, Hanseo University, Seosan, Chungcheongnamdo, Republic of South Korea., Jee YS; Research Institute of Sports and Industry Science, Hanseo University, Seosan, Chungcheongnamdo, Republic of South Korea.
Πηγή: PeerJ [PeerJ] 2026 Sep 08; Vol. 14, pp. e21714. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 08 (Print Publication: 2026).
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article; Comparative Study
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: PeerJ Inc Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101603425 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2167-8359 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 21678359 NLM ISO Abbreviation: PeerJ Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Corte Madera, CA : PeerJ Inc.
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Sarcopenia*/prevention & control , Sarcopenia*/physiopathology , Aging*/physiology , Activities of Daily Living* , Sitting Position* , Sedentary Behavior*, Humans ; Male ; Aged ; Female ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Aged, 80 and over ; Hand Strength ; Time Factors
Περίληψη: Background: As individuals age, sitting time is increasingly recognized as a factor that undermines independence in daily living; however, the extent to which sitting time influences sarcopenia-related indicators and functional independence remains unclear.
Methods: A total of 200 community-dwelling older adults aged 65-96 years were categorized into three groups based on daily sitting duration: low (<6 h/day), moderate (6-8 h/day), and high (>8 h/day) groups. Sarcopenic measures-including calf circumference, grip strength, 5-time chair stand test, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM)-were evaluated. Functional independence was examined using assessments of activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine group differences across sitting time categories with adjustment for age and sex. Spearman's correlation analysis was performed to examine associations between sitting time and sarcopenia-related indicators and functional independence variables, and separate simple linear regression were subsequently constructed with sitting time entered as the independent variable and sarcopenia-related indicators and functional independence variables included as dependent variables.
Results: Calf girth differed significantly by sex (η2 = 0.995) and group (η2 = 0.362). Grip strength showed a significant sex-by-group interaction (η2 = 0.068), with a similar pattern observed for 5-time chair standing (η2 = 0.069). ASM was primarily influenced by age (η2 = 0.160), with no significant group or sex effects. Increasing sitting time was associated with greater functional decline in mobility-related ADL items, remaining significant after adjustment for age (η2 = 0.077) and sex (η2 = 0.286). Higher sitting time was also linked to poorer higher-level IADL functions (telephone use, housekeeping, transportation, and financial management), independent of age (η2 = 0.023) and sex (η2 = 0.243). ADL and IADL were strongly correlated (ρ = 0.812) and were significantly associated with sarcopenic indicators, including calf girth, grip strength, chair stand performance, and ASM. In regression analysis, sitting time was negatively associated with ASM (β = -0.415, p < 0.001), calf circumference (β = -0.442, p < 0.001), and grip strength (β = -0.385, p < 0.001), and positively associated with 5-time chair standing test (β = 0.465, p < 0.001), indicating poorer lower-extremity physical performance. In addition, sitting time was negatively associated with ADL sum score (β = -0.308, p < 0.001) and IADL sum score (β = -0.410, p < 0.001).
Conclusion: These findings suggest that longer sitting time may be broadly related to sarcopenia-related indicators and daily functional independence. However, because this study employed a cross-sectional design, these relationships should be interpreted as associations rather than causal effects.
(© 2026 Yoon and Jee.)
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
References: J Exerc Rehabil. 2020 Aug 25;16(4):302-312. (PMID: 32913835)
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Mar 26;16(6):. (PMID: 30917515)
PLoS One. 2017 Jan 17;12(1):e0169548. (PMID: 28095426)
Physiol Behav. 2025 May 01;293:114841. (PMID: 39956248)
Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2025 Sep;136:105897. (PMID: 40409130)
PLoS One. 2013 Nov 13;8(11):e80000. (PMID: 24236168)
Bone Joint Res. 2015 Sep;4(9):152-3. (PMID: 26392591)
Diabetes. 2016 Oct;65(10):2862-75. (PMID: 27358494)
Psychol Bull. 1992 Jul;112(1):155-9. (PMID: 19565683)
J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(10):1148-1161. (PMID: 30498820)
Diabetes. 2007 Nov;56(11):2655-67. (PMID: 17827399)
Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2024 Jan;116:105136. (PMID: 37541052)
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020 Mar;21(3):300-307.e2. (PMID: 32033882)
Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2018 May 14;19(7):633-638. (PMID: 28595526)
Korean J Fam Med. 2012 May;33(3):144-51. (PMID: 22787536)
IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph. 2018 Jan;24(1):616-625. (PMID: 28866514)
Soc Sci Med. 1999 Feb;48(4):445-69. (PMID: 10075171)
Nutr Metab (Lond). 2011 Oct 05;8:68. (PMID: 21975196)
J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2021;18:17. (PMID: 34325496)
Gerontologist. 1969 Autumn;9(3):179-86. (PMID: 5349366)
Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017 Jun 10;14(1):75. (PMID: 28599680)
Am J Prev Med. 2011 Aug;41(2):189-96. (PMID: 21767727)
Age Ageing. 2019 Jan 1;48(1):16-31. (PMID: 30312372)
BMC Geriatr. 2023 Dec 20;23(1):877. (PMID: 38124026)
Ann Intern Med. 2015 Jan 20;162(2):123-32. (PMID: 25599350)
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2025 Oct 1;329(4):R537-R549. (PMID: 40908115)
Lancet. 2016 Sep 24;388(10051):1302-10. (PMID: 27475271)
Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2002 Sep;43(3):191-208. (PMID: 12270776)
JAMA. 2011 Jan 5;305(1):50-8. (PMID: 21205966)
Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2007 May;62(2):164-71. (PMID: 17169569)
Gerontology. 2002 May-Jun;48(3):162-9. (PMID: 11961370)
Int J Older People Nurs. 2007 Sep;2(3):204-12. (PMID: 20925877)
J Phys Act Health. 2015 Jan;12(1):93-101. (PMID: 24510000)
Psychol Methods. 2002 Mar;7(1):19-40. (PMID: 11928888)
BMJ. 2013 Feb 15;346:f1041. (PMID: 23418280)
J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(6):481-9. (PMID: 3597653)
N Engl J Med. 2010 Apr 1;362(13):1173-80. (PMID: 20357280)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Functional independence; Older adults; Physical performance; Sarcopenia; Sitting time
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260912 Date Completed: 20260912 Latest Revision: 20260914
Update Code: 20260914
PubMed Central ID: PMC13564411
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.21714
PMID: 42730319
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Reducing sitting time is essential for preserving sarcopenia and functional independence with aging: a comparative cross-sectional study.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Yoon+TH%22&quot;&gt;Yoon TH&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Research Institute of Sports and Industry Science, Hanseo University, Seosan, Chungcheongnamdo, Republic of South Korea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Jee+YS%22&quot;&gt;Jee YS&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Research Institute of Sports and Industry Science, Hanseo University, Seosan, Chungcheongnamdo, Republic of South Korea.
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– Name: Abstract
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  Group: Ab
  Data: Background: As individuals age, sitting time is increasingly recognized as a factor that undermines independence in daily living; however, the extent to which sitting time influences sarcopenia-related indicators and functional independence remains unclear.&lt;br /&gt;Methods: A total of 200 community-dwelling older adults aged 65-96 years were categorized into three groups based on daily sitting duration: low (&amp;lt;6 h/day), moderate (6-8 h/day), and high (&amp;gt;8 h/day) groups. Sarcopenic measures-including calf circumference, grip strength, 5-time chair stand test, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM)-were evaluated. Functional independence was examined using assessments of activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine group differences across sitting time categories with adjustment for age and sex. Spearman&#39;s correlation analysis was performed to examine associations between sitting time and sarcopenia-related indicators and functional independence variables, and separate simple linear regression were subsequently constructed with sitting time entered as the independent variable and sarcopenia-related indicators and functional independence variables included as dependent variables.&lt;br /&gt;Results: Calf girth differed significantly by sex (η&lt;superscript&gt;2&lt;/superscript&gt; = 0.995) and group (η&lt;superscript&gt;2&lt;/superscript&gt; = 0.362). Grip strength showed a significant sex-by-group interaction (η&lt;superscript&gt;2&lt;/superscript&gt; = 0.068), with a similar pattern observed for 5-time chair standing (η&lt;superscript&gt;2&lt;/superscript&gt; = 0.069). ASM was primarily influenced by age (η&lt;superscript&gt;2&lt;/superscript&gt; = 0.160), with no significant group or sex effects. Increasing sitting time was associated with greater functional decline in mobility-related ADL items, remaining significant after adjustment for age (η&lt;superscript&gt;2&lt;/superscript&gt; = 0.077) and sex (η&lt;superscript&gt;2&lt;/superscript&gt; = 0.286). Higher sitting time was also linked to poorer higher-level IADL functions (telephone use, housekeeping, transportation, and financial management), independent of age (η&lt;superscript&gt;2&lt;/superscript&gt; = 0.023) and sex (η&lt;superscript&gt;2&lt;/superscript&gt; = 0.243). ADL and IADL were strongly correlated (ρ = 0.812) and were significantly associated with sarcopenic indicators, including calf girth, grip strength, chair stand performance, and ASM. In regression analysis, sitting time was negatively associated with ASM (β = -0.415, p &amp;lt; 0.001), calf circumference (β = -0.442, p &amp;lt; 0.001), and grip strength (β = -0.385, p &amp;lt; 0.001), and positively associated with 5-time chair standing test (β = 0.465, p &amp;lt; 0.001), indicating poorer lower-extremity physical performance. In addition, sitting time was negatively associated with ADL sum score (β = -0.308, p &amp;lt; 0.001) and IADL sum score (β = -0.410, p &amp;lt; 0.001).&lt;br /&gt;Conclusion: These findings suggest that longer sitting time may be broadly related to sarcopenia-related indicators and daily functional independence. However, because this study employed a cross-sectional design, these relationships should be interpreted as associations rather than causal effects.&lt;br /&gt; (&#169; 2026 Yoon and Jee.)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
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(PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2224236168%22&quot;&gt;24236168)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bone Joint Res. 2015 Sep;4(9):152-3. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2226392591%22&quot;&gt;26392591)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Diabetes. 2016 Oct;65(10):2862-75. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2227358494%22&quot;&gt;27358494)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Psychol Bull. 1992 Jul;112(1):155-9. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2219565683%22&quot;&gt;19565683)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(10):1148-1161. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2230498820%22&quot;&gt;30498820)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Diabetes. 2007 Nov;56(11):2655-67. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2217827399%22&quot;&gt;17827399)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2024 Jan;116:105136. 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(PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2221205966%22&quot;&gt;21205966)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2007 May;62(2):164-71. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2217169569%22&quot;&gt;17169569)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gerontology. 2002 May-Jun;48(3):162-9. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2211961370%22&quot;&gt;11961370)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Int J Older People Nurs. 2007 Sep;2(3):204-12. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2220925877%22&quot;&gt;20925877)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Phys Act Health. 2015 Jan;12(1):93-101. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2224510000%22&quot;&gt;24510000)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Psychol Methods. 2002 Mar;7(1):19-40. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2211928888%22&quot;&gt;11928888)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;BMJ. 2013 Feb 15;346:f1041. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2223418280%22&quot;&gt;23418280)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(6):481-9. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%223597653%22&quot;&gt;3597653)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;N Engl J Med. 2010 Apr 1;362(13):1173-80. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2220357280%22&quot;&gt;20357280)&lt;/searchLink&gt;
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      – SubjectFull: Humans
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Male
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Aged
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Female
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cross-Sectional Studies
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Aged, 80 and over
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hand Strength
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Time Factors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sarcopenia prevention & control
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sarcopenia physiopathology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Aging physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Activities of Daily Living
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sitting Position
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sedentary Behavior
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Reducing sitting time is essential for preserving sarcopenia and functional independence with aging: a comparative cross-sectional study.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Yoon TH
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Jee YS
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 08
              M: 09
              Text: 2026 Sep 08
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 2167-8359
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 14
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: PeerJ
              Type: main
ResultId 1