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Static and dynamic functional network alterations associated with endurance training.

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Title: Static and dynamic functional network alterations associated with endurance training.
Authors: Zhao B; School of Teacher Education, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China., Wei L; School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China., Zhao G; Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China., Zhang Q; Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China., Bai X; Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China., Jin H; Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China., Chen S; Department of Physical Education, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China. Electronic address: 80132079@fjmu.edu.cn., Yan S; School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China. Electronic address: yanshizhen@fjmu.edu.cn.
Source: NeuroImage [Neuroimage] 2026 Oct 15; Vol. 340, pp. 122229. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 11.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Academic Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9215515 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1095-9572 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10538119 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Neuroimage Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Orlando, FL : Academic Press, c1992-
MeSH Terms: Nerve Net*/physiology , Nerve Net*/diagnostic imaging , Brain*/physiology , Brain*/diagnostic imaging , Physical Endurance*/physiology , Connectome*/methods , Endurance Training*, Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Humans ; Male ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Female ; Brain Mapping ; Athletes
Abstract: Long-term endurance training is associated with widespread changes in brain organization, but how these changes manifest in large-scale networks across different temporal scales remains unclear. We combined static functional connectivity analysis with dynamic multilayer network modeling to examine resting-state fMRI data from 25 endurance athletes and 31 matched controls. At the static level, athletes exhibited significantly enhanced within-network functional connectivity in the sensorimotor, salience, cingulo-opercular, and auditory networks, together with reduced system segregation of the frontoparietal network. At the dynamic level, none of the between-group differences in flexibility, promiscuity, cohesion, or disjointedness survived correction for multiple comparisons. In exploratory analyses at uncorrected thresholds, several between-group patterns emerged, including reduced flexibility in the subcortical network, increased promiscuity in the sensorimotor network, and reduced disjointedness in the visual and auditory networks. Several static network measures and selected dynamic measures were also associated with cumulative training exposure across individuals. Overall, the statistically supported findings indicate that endurance training is primarily associated with strengthened baseline functional integration within motor, salience, and cognitive-control systems. The exploratory dynamic analyses further suggest potential differences in the temporal organization of large-scale functional networks, providing hypotheses for future investigation.
(Copyright © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Dynamic functional network; Endurance training; Multilayer network; Resting-state fMRI
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260911 Date Completed: 20260929 Latest Revision: 20260929
Update Code: 20260930
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.122229
PMID: 42727740
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: Static and dynamic functional network alterations associated with endurance training.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhao+B%22">Zhao B</searchLink>; School of Teacher Education, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wei+L%22">Wei L</searchLink>; School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhao+G%22">Zhao G</searchLink>; Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhang+Q%22">Zhang Q</searchLink>; Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bai+X%22">Bai X</searchLink>; Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jin+H%22">Jin H</searchLink>; Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chen+S%22">Chen S</searchLink>; Department of Physical Education, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China. Electronic address: 80132079@fjmu.edu.cn.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yan+S%22">Yan S</searchLink>; School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China. Electronic address: yanshizhen@fjmu.edu.cn.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nerve+Net%22">Nerve Net*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nerve+Net+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nerve+Net%22">Nerve Net*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nerve+Net+diagnostic+imaging%22">diagnostic imaging</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Brain%22">Brain*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Brain+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Brain%22">Brain*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Brain+diagnostic+imaging%22">diagnostic imaging</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Physical+Endurance%22">Physical Endurance*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Physical+Endurance+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Connectome%22">Connectome*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Connectome+methods%22">methods</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Endurance+Training%22">Endurance Training*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging%22">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging+methods%22">methods</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Male%22">Male</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Young+Adult%22">Young Adult</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Adult%22">Adult</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Female%22">Female</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Brain+Mapping%22">Brain Mapping</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Athletes%22">Athletes</searchLink>
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  Data: Long-term endurance training is associated with widespread changes in brain organization, but how these changes manifest in large-scale networks across different temporal scales remains unclear. We combined static functional connectivity analysis with dynamic multilayer network modeling to examine resting-state fMRI data from 25 endurance athletes and 31 matched controls. At the static level, athletes exhibited significantly enhanced within-network functional connectivity in the sensorimotor, salience, cingulo-opercular, and auditory networks, together with reduced system segregation of the frontoparietal network. At the dynamic level, none of the between-group differences in flexibility, promiscuity, cohesion, or disjointedness survived correction for multiple comparisons. In exploratory analyses at uncorrected thresholds, several between-group patterns emerged, including reduced flexibility in the subcortical network, increased promiscuity in the sensorimotor network, and reduced disjointedness in the visual and auditory networks. Several static network measures and selected dynamic measures were also associated with cumulative training exposure across individuals. Overall, the statistically supported findings indicate that endurance training is primarily associated with strengthened baseline functional integration within motor, salience, and cognitive-control systems. The exploratory dynamic analyses further suggest potential differences in the temporal organization of large-scale functional networks, providing hypotheses for future investigation.<br /> (Copyright © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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  Data: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Dynamic functional network; Endurance training; Multilayer network; Resting-state fMRI
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        Value: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.122229
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        Text: English
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        StartPage: 122229
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      – SubjectFull: Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods
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      – TitleFull: Static and dynamic functional network alterations associated with endurance training.
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              Text: 2026 Oct 15
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