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Objective Smartphone Screen Time Monitoring Among Caregivers of Preschool-Aged Children: Reliability Study of Monitoring Duration.

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Title: Objective Smartphone Screen Time Monitoring Among Caregivers of Preschool-Aged Children: Reliability Study of Monitoring Duration.
Authors: Culverhouse J; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, PHRC - Room 140, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29201, United States, 1 8032017927., Adair T; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, PHRC - Room 140, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29201, United States, 1 8032017927., Restino M; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, PHRC - Room 140, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29201, United States, 1 8032017927., Weeks HM; University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States., Radesky JS; University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States., Weaver RG; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, PHRC - Room 140, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29201, United States, 1 8032017927., Burkart S; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, PHRC - Room 140, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29201, United States, 1 8032017927., Parker H; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, PHRC - Room 140, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29201, United States, 1 8032017927., Finnegan OL; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, PHRC - Room 140, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29201, United States, 1 8032017927., Holmes AJ; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, PHRC - Room 140, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29201, United States, 1 8032017927., Kiely K; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, PHRC - Room 140, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29201, United States, 1 8032017927., Ghosal R; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States., Nelakuditi S; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States., Beets MW; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, PHRC - Room 140, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29201, United States, 1 8032017927., Armstrong B; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, PHRC - Room 140, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29201, United States, 1 8032017927.
Source: JMIR mHealth and uHealth [JMIR Mhealth Uhealth] 2026 Sep 10; Vol. 14, pp. e82846. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 10.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc Country of Publication: Canada NLM ID: 101624439 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2291-5222 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 22915222 NLM ISO Abbreviation: JMIR Mhealth Uhealth Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Toronto: JMIR Publications Inc., [2013]-
MeSH Terms: Smartphone*/statistics & numerical data , Smartphone*/instrumentation , Smartphone*/standards , Caregivers*/statistics & numerical data , Caregivers*/psychology , Screen Time*, Humans ; Reproducibility of Results ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Male ; Time Factors
Abstract: Background: Reliable measurement of smartphone screen time is important for research examining associations between digital media use and health outcomes. Although objective monitoring tools reduce bias associated with self-report, the number of monitoring days required to reliably estimate typical smartphone use remains unclear. This question is particularly important for study design because longer monitoring periods increase participant burden and the likelihood of missing data.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the minimum number of valid monitoring days within a 7-day measurement period required to reliably estimate average daily smartphone screen time during the same 7-day period among primary caregivers of preschool-aged children using 2 objective methods.
Methods: This secondary analysis included caregivers participating in 2 observational studies conducted in the Eastern United States. Android users installed Chronicle, a passive sensing application that records raw Android UsageEvents data, which were preprocessed into smartphone session events (pickups where the device was unlocked). iOS users submitted daily screenshots of Apple Screen Time summaries. Reliability analyses included 100 Android Chronicle participants and 129 iOS Screenshot participants with at least 7 consecutive complete days of data. The primary outcome was day-level total smartphone screen time. For Android Chronicle, this was defined as the summed duration of device-unlock sessions across each calendar day, whereas for iOS Screenshot, this was defined as the daily total reported by Apple Screen Time. One-way random-effects intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC [1,1]) with 95% bootstrap CIs (500 resamples) were calculated separately for Android and iOS data. The Spearman-Brown prophecy formula was used to estimate the number of monitoring days required to achieve target reliability thresholds (ICC≥0.70, 0.80, and 0.90). Sensitivity analyses using the combined durations of sessions and glances produced similar conservative monitoring-day recommendations.
Results: Single-day ICCs were 0.69 (95% CI 0.63-0.76) for Android Chronicle and 0.71 (95% CI 0.65-0.77) for iOS Screenshot data. Point-estimate projections indicated that 2 monitoring days were sufficient to achieve an ICC≥0.80 for both data sources. Using the more conservative criterion that the lower bound of the projected 95% CI exceeded 0.80, 3 monitoring days were required for both Android and iOS data. Screen time was significantly lower on weekends than on weekdays, suggesting that monitoring periods should include at least 1 weekend day.
Conclusions: Among caregivers of preschool-aged children, relatively short objective monitoring periods may provide reliable estimates of average daily smartphone screen time within a 7-day monitoring period. Two monitoring days were sufficient under point-estimate projections, whereas 3 days were required using a conservative lower-bound criterion. These findings support the feasibility of brief smartphone monitoring protocols for estimating the 7-day average duration, while emphasizing the importance of including weekend representation and avoiding the extension of these estimates to longer-term habitual smartphone behavior or screen time metrics beyond duration without further evidence.
(© Joshua Culverhouse, Taylor Adair, Meghan Restino, Heidi M Weeks, Jenny S Radesky, R Glenn Weaver, Sarah Burkart, Hannah Parker, Olivia L Finnegan, Anthony J Holmes, Keagan Kiely, Rahul Ghosal, Srihari Nelakuditi, Michael W Beets, Bridget Armstrong. Originally published in JMIR mHealth and uHealth (https://mhealth.jmir.org).)
References: PLoS One. 2019 Jun 27;14(6):e0211442. (PMID: 31246953)
J Sci Med Sport. 2019 Jun;22(6):684-688. (PMID: 30579814)
Hum Comput Interact. 2021;36(2):150-201. (PMID: 33867652)
PLoS One. 2023 Feb 24;18(2):e0282162. (PMID: 36827427)
Nat Hum Behav. 2021 Nov;5(11):1535-1547. (PMID: 34002052)
Res Q Exerc Sport. 2000 Jun;71 Suppl 2:74-8. (PMID: 25680016)
Front Psychiatry. 2021 May 28;12:669042. (PMID: 34140904)
Front Psychol. 2020 Jul 10;11:1283. (PMID: 32754078)
J Sports Sci. 2018 Jul;36(14):1572-1577. (PMID: 29125022)
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Apr 23;19(9):. (PMID: 35564547)
J Clin Epidemiol. 2017 May;85:45-49. (PMID: 28342902)
J Prev (2022). 2023 Jun;44(3):291-307. (PMID: 36692818)
Int J Epidemiol. 2010 Oct;39(5):1137-50. (PMID: 21051364)
PLoS One. 2015 Jul 20;10(7):e0133296. (PMID: 26192184)
Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2018 Jun;21(6):395-398. (PMID: 29781716)
Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011 Jun 16;8:62. (PMID: 21679426)
Am J Public Health. 2016 Nov;106(11):e14-e21. (PMID: 27631735)
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Nov 22;18(22):. (PMID: 34832011)
JMIR Res Protoc. 2022 Sep 28;11(9):e36240. (PMID: 36169993)
JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2019 Mar 26;7(3):e12171. (PMID: 30912751)
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 May 22;17(10):. (PMID: 32456054)
Pediatrics. 2020 Jul;146(1):. (PMID: 32482771)
JMIR Form Res. 2022 Sep 29;6(9):e40572. (PMID: 36173677)
J Chiropr Med. 2016 Jun;15(2):155-63. (PMID: 27330520)
Children (Basel). 2024 Jun 21;11(7):. (PMID: 39062204)
JMIR Ment Health. 2023 Apr 26;10:e38920. (PMID: 37099361)
Grant Information: P20 GM130420 United States GM NIGMS NIH HHS; R01 HD112311 United States HD NICHD NIH HHS
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: passive sensing; reliability; sampling duration; screen time; smartphone
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260910 Date Completed: 20260910 Latest Revision: 20260915
Update Code: 20260915
PubMed Central ID: PMC13561401
DOI: 10.2196/82846
PMID: 42721410
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: Objective Smartphone Screen Time Monitoring Among Caregivers of Preschool-Aged Children: Reliability Study of Monitoring Duration.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Culverhouse+J%22">Culverhouse J</searchLink>; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, PHRC - Room 140, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29201, United States, 1 8032017927.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Adair+T%22">Adair T</searchLink>; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, PHRC - Room 140, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29201, United States, 1 8032017927.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Restino+M%22">Restino M</searchLink>; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, PHRC - Room 140, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29201, United States, 1 8032017927.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Weeks+HM%22">Weeks HM</searchLink>; University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Radesky+JS%22">Radesky JS</searchLink>; University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Weaver+RG%22">Weaver RG</searchLink>; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, PHRC - Room 140, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29201, United States, 1 8032017927.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Burkart+S%22">Burkart S</searchLink>; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, PHRC - Room 140, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29201, United States, 1 8032017927.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Parker+H%22">Parker H</searchLink>; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, PHRC - Room 140, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29201, United States, 1 8032017927.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Finnegan+OL%22">Finnegan OL</searchLink>; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, PHRC - Room 140, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29201, United States, 1 8032017927.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Holmes+AJ%22">Holmes AJ</searchLink>; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, PHRC - Room 140, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29201, United States, 1 8032017927.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kiely+K%22">Kiely K</searchLink>; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, PHRC - Room 140, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29201, United States, 1 8032017927.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ghosal+R%22">Ghosal R</searchLink>; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nelakuditi+S%22">Nelakuditi S</searchLink>; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Beets+MW%22">Beets MW</searchLink>; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, PHRC - Room 140, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29201, United States, 1 8032017927.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Armstrong+B%22">Armstrong B</searchLink>; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, PHRC - Room 140, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29201, United States, 1 8032017927.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22101624439%22">JMIR mHealth and uHealth</searchLink> [JMIR Mhealth Uhealth] 2026 Sep 10; Vol. 14, pp. e82846. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Sep 10.
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  Data: Background: Reliable measurement of smartphone screen time is important for research examining associations between digital media use and health outcomes. Although objective monitoring tools reduce bias associated with self-report, the number of monitoring days required to reliably estimate typical smartphone use remains unclear. This question is particularly important for study design because longer monitoring periods increase participant burden and the likelihood of missing data.<br />Objective: This study aimed to determine the minimum number of valid monitoring days within a 7-day measurement period required to reliably estimate average daily smartphone screen time during the same 7-day period among primary caregivers of preschool-aged children using 2 objective methods.<br />Methods: This secondary analysis included caregivers participating in 2 observational studies conducted in the Eastern United States. Android users installed Chronicle, a passive sensing application that records raw Android UsageEvents data, which were preprocessed into smartphone session events (pickups where the device was unlocked). iOS users submitted daily screenshots of Apple Screen Time summaries. Reliability analyses included 100 Android Chronicle participants and 129 iOS Screenshot participants with at least 7 consecutive complete days of data. The primary outcome was day-level total smartphone screen time. For Android Chronicle, this was defined as the summed duration of device-unlock sessions across each calendar day, whereas for iOS Screenshot, this was defined as the daily total reported by Apple Screen Time. One-way random-effects intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC [1,1]) with 95% bootstrap CIs (500 resamples) were calculated separately for Android and iOS data. The Spearman-Brown prophecy formula was used to estimate the number of monitoring days required to achieve target reliability thresholds (ICC≥0.70, 0.80, and 0.90). Sensitivity analyses using the combined durations of sessions and glances produced similar conservative monitoring-day recommendations.<br />Results: Single-day ICCs were 0.69 (95% CI 0.63-0.76) for Android Chronicle and 0.71 (95% CI 0.65-0.77) for iOS Screenshot data. Point-estimate projections indicated that 2 monitoring days were sufficient to achieve an ICC≥0.80 for both data sources. Using the more conservative criterion that the lower bound of the projected 95% CI exceeded 0.80, 3 monitoring days were required for both Android and iOS data. Screen time was significantly lower on weekends than on weekdays, suggesting that monitoring periods should include at least 1 weekend day.<br />Conclusions: Among caregivers of preschool-aged children, relatively short objective monitoring periods may provide reliable estimates of average daily smartphone screen time within a 7-day monitoring period. Two monitoring days were sufficient under point-estimate projections, whereas 3 days were required using a conservative lower-bound criterion. These findings support the feasibility of brief smartphone monitoring protocols for estimating the 7-day average duration, while emphasizing the importance of including weekend representation and avoiding the extension of these estimates to longer-term habitual smartphone behavior or screen time metrics beyond duration without further evidence.<br /> (© Joshua Culverhouse, Taylor Adair, Meghan Restino, Heidi M Weeks, Jenny S Radesky, R Glenn Weaver, Sarah Burkart, Hannah Parker, Olivia L Finnegan, Anthony J Holmes, Keagan Kiely, Rahul Ghosal, Srihari Nelakuditi, Michael W Beets, Bridget Armstrong. Originally published in JMIR mHealth and uHealth (https://mhealth.jmir.org).)
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  Data: PLoS One. 2019 Jun 27;14(6):e0211442. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231246953%22">31246953)</searchLink><br />J Sci Med Sport. 2019 Jun;22(6):684-688. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230579814%22">30579814)</searchLink><br />Hum Comput Interact. 2021;36(2):150-201. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233867652%22">33867652)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2023 Feb 24;18(2):e0282162. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236827427%22">36827427)</searchLink><br />Nat Hum Behav. 2021 Nov;5(11):1535-1547. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234002052%22">34002052)</searchLink><br />Res Q Exerc Sport. 2000 Jun;71 Suppl 2:74-8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225680016%22">25680016)</searchLink><br />Front Psychiatry. 2021 May 28;12:669042. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234140904%22">34140904)</searchLink><br />Front Psychol. 2020 Jul 10;11:1283. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232754078%22">32754078)</searchLink><br />J Sports Sci. 2018 Jul;36(14):1572-1577. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229125022%22">29125022)</searchLink><br />Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Apr 23;19(9):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235564547%22">35564547)</searchLink><br />J Clin Epidemiol. 2017 May;85:45-49. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228342902%22">28342902)</searchLink><br />J Prev (2022). 2023 Jun;44(3):291-307. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236692818%22">36692818)</searchLink><br />Int J Epidemiol. 2010 Oct;39(5):1137-50. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221051364%22">21051364)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2015 Jul 20;10(7):e0133296. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226192184%22">26192184)</searchLink><br />Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2018 Jun;21(6):395-398. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229781716%22">29781716)</searchLink><br />Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011 Jun 16;8:62. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221679426%22">21679426)</searchLink><br />Am J Public Health. 2016 Nov;106(11):e14-e21. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227631735%22">27631735)</searchLink><br />Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Nov 22;18(22):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234832011%22">34832011)</searchLink><br />JMIR Res Protoc. 2022 Sep 28;11(9):e36240. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236169993%22">36169993)</searchLink><br />JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2019 Mar 26;7(3):e12171. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230912751%22">30912751)</searchLink><br />Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 May 22;17(10):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232456054%22">32456054)</searchLink><br />Pediatrics. 2020 Jul;146(1):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232482771%22">32482771)</searchLink><br />JMIR Form Res. 2022 Sep 29;6(9):e40572. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236173677%22">36173677)</searchLink><br />J Chiropr Med. 2016 Jun;15(2):155-63. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227330520%22">27330520)</searchLink><br />Children (Basel). 2024 Jun 21;11(7):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239062204%22">39062204)</searchLink><br />JMIR Ment Health. 2023 Apr 26;10:e38920. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237099361%22">37099361)</searchLink>
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      – TitleFull: Objective Smartphone Screen Time Monitoring Among Caregivers of Preschool-Aged Children: Reliability Study of Monitoring Duration.
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            NameFull: Ghosal R
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Nelakuditi S
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Beets MW
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Armstrong B
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 10
              M: 09
              Text: 2026 Sep 10
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 2291-5222
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 14
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: JMIR mHealth and uHealth
              Type: main
ResultId 1