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Perceived Value of Board of Pharmacy Specialties Certification Among Hospital Pharmacists in Spain: A Qualitative Interview Study.

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Title: Perceived Value of Board of Pharmacy Specialties Certification Among Hospital Pharmacists in Spain: A Qualitative Interview Study.
Authors: Viñas-Bastart M; Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain., Moreno-Martínez ME; Pharmacy Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IR Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain., Ruiz-Boy S; Pharmacy Service, Division of Medicines, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain., De Pourcq JT; Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.; Pharmacy Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IR Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain., Roca CM; Pharmacy Service, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, La Coruña, Spain., Carreras-Soler MJ; Pharmacy Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain., Amor García MÁ; Pharmacy Service, Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina, Parla, Spain., Salazar-Laya B; Pharmacy Department, Hospital A. Marcide, Ferrol, La Coruña, Spain., Felipe VF; Costa Del Sol University Hospital, Pharmacy, Marbella, Spain., Rojo García A; Pharmacy Service, Centro Hospitalario Benito Menni, Elizondo, Spain., Letellez Fernández J; Pharmacy Service, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain., Modamio P; Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain., Guiu-Segura JM; Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.; Pharmacy Service, Xarxa Tecla Sanitaria, Social i docent, Tarragona, Spain.
Source: Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy : JACCP [J Am Coll Clin Pharm] 2026 Oct; Vol. 9 (10), pp. e70286.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Wiley Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101723133 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2574-9870 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 25749870 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Am Coll Clin Pharm Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: [Hoboken, NJ] : Wiley, [2018]-
MeSH Terms: Pharmacists*/standards , Pharmacists*/psychology , Certification*/standards , Pharmacy Service, Hospital*/standards , Pharmacy Service, Hospital*/organization & administration, Spain ; Humans ; Qualitative Research ; Male ; Female ; Clinical Competence ; Attitude of Health Personnel ; Interviews as Topic ; Professional Role ; Adult
Abstract: Background: Board of Pharmacy Specialties certification has emerged internationally as a mechanism to support advanced pharmacy practice and professional differentiation. However, little is known about how BPS-certified pharmacists perceive its value within health care systems with specialist training pathways, such as in Spain. This study aimed to explore the perceived value, professional impact, and implementation barriers of BPS certification among hospital pharmacists in Spain.
Methods: A qualitative descriptive study used semi-structured interviews with BPS-certified hospital pharmacists practicing in Spain. Participants were purposively recruited to ensure diversity in certification specialty, geographical region, and profile. Interviews were conducted between April and June 2026, audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Reporting followed Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research.
Results: Eleven hospital pharmacists representing multiple BPS specialties participated. Participants perceived BPS certification as strengthening clinical competence, improving confidence in pharmacotherapeutic decision-making, and supporting advanced clinical practice. Certification was perceived to enhance professional credibility within interprofessional clinical teams and among pharmacist colleagues. However, participants described limited institutional recognition, with little impact on salary, career progression, employment systems, or protected professional development time. Major barriers included time investment, economic costs, recertification requirements, and partial mismatch between the United States-oriented examination framework and the Spanish health care context. Participants viewed BPS certification as a complementary credential to the national hospital pharmacy residency system rather than a substitute for specialist training. Most anticipated demand for credentialing would continue to increase as hospital pharmacy practice becomes specialized and clinically complex.
Conclusions: BPS certification is perceived as a valuable mechanism supporting advanced clinical competence, professional differentiation, and integration into interprofessional practice. Nevertheless, broader implementation remains limited by insufficient institutional recognition and structural support. Greater alignment between international credentialing systems and national professional development frameworks may facilitate integration of pharmacy practice credentials within the Spanish health care system.
(© 2026 The Author(s). JACCP: Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of ACCP Foundation, Ltd.)
References: S. Meilianti, K. Galbraith, L. Bader, A. Udoh, D. Ernawati, and I. Bates, “The Development and Validation of a Global Advanced Development Framework for the Pharmacy Workforce: A Four‐Stage Multi‐Methods Approach,” International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 45 (2023): 940–951, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096‐023‐01585‐x.
K. M. K. Lee, A. Page, S. Kim, et al., “Perceptions and Expectations of Health Professionals Regarding Hospital Pharmacy Services and the Roles of Hospital Pharmacists: A Qualitative Systematic Review and Meta‐Synthesis,” Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy 10 (2023): 100264, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100264.
J. Ruiz‐Ramos, M. Hernández, and A. Juanes‐Borrego, “The Impact of Pharmaceutical Care in Multidisciplinary Teams on Health Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis,” Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 22 (2021): 2518–2526.
International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), “FIP Development Goals,” accessed May 10, 2026, https://developmentgoals.fip.org/.
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B. E. Lawson and J. M. Guiu‐Segura, “Evaluating Board Certification Within International Advance Pharmacy Practice Frameworks,” Farmacia Hospitalaria 46, no. 3 (2022): 191–198.
A. Udoh, A. Bruno‐Tomé, D. K. Ernawati, K. Galbraith, and I. Bates, “The Effectiveness and Impact on Performance of Pharmacy‐Related Competency Development Frameworks: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis,” Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 17, no. 10 (2021): 1685–1696, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.02.008.
E. Deasy, A. Seoighe, C. Ryan, et al., “Pharmacy Stakeholders' Views and Experiences of the Credentialing of Advanced or Specialist Pharmacist Practice: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review,” Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy 16 (2024): 100522, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100522.
Board of Pharmacy Specialties, “Innovating for the Future: A 50‐Year Milestone in Pharmacist Board Certification,” , 2026, accessed May 10, 2026, https://bpsweb.org/2026/01/21/innovating‐for‐the‐future‐a‐50‐year‐milestone‐in‐pharmacist‐board‐certification/.
R. J. DiDomenico, S. E. Smith, A. Chan, et al., “A Roadmap for Studying the Impact of Pharmacist Board Certification on Patient Outcomes: Feasibility, Applicability, and Methodological Considerations,” JACCP: Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy 9, no. 2 (2026): e70165, https://doi.org/10.1002/jac5.70165.
K. S. Smetana, E. Liang, W. Adams, et al., “PHarmacist Avoidance or Reductions in Medical Costs Considering Board of Pharmacy Specialties Certification (PHARM‐BPS),” Hospital Pharmacy 60, no. 4 (2025): 362–369, https://doi.org/10.1177/00185787251319311.
Board of Pharmacy Specialties, BPS Board Certification Programs (Board of Pharmacy Specialties, 2023), accessed May 10, 2026, https://bpsweb.org/.
International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), Transforming Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Education in the Context of Workforce Development (International Pharmaceutical Federation, 2017).
I. Bates, C. John, A. Bruno, P. Fu, and S. Aliabadi, “An Analysis of the Global Pharmacy Workforce Capacity,” Human Resources for Health 14, no. 1 (2016): 61, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960‐016‐0158‐z.
Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria (SEFH), Proyecto SEFH 2030. 20 Retos Para 2030 (SEFH, 2024), Accessed May 10, 2026, https://proyecto2030.sefh.es/img/2040705‐informe‐completo‐sefh.pdf.
Q. López‐Noguera, A. Pérez‐Plasencia, L. Gratacós‐Santanach, A. Dordà‐Benito, C. Díez‐Vallejo, and R. Sacrest‐Güell, “Evolución del Proyecto 2020 de la Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria en un Servicio de Farmacia Hospitalaria,” Farmacia Hospitalaria 46, no. 1 (2022): 3–9, https://doi.org/10.7399/fh.11680.
J. M. Guiu Segura, “La Certificación Board of Pharmacy Specialties (BPS) Como Estrategia del Desarrollo Profesional Continuo de la Farmacia Hospitalaria,” Farmacia Hospitalaria 49, no. 6 (2025): 351–418, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.farma.2025.06.009.
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M. Pérez‐Encinas, E. Negro‐Vega, and C. M. Fernández‐Llamazares, “2022 SEFH National Survey on Hospital Pharmacy Services in Spain: Human Resources, Infrastructure, Technology, Information Systems, Education and Research,” Farmacia Hospitalaria 49 (2025): 312–320, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.farma.2025.05.006.
K. Malterud, V. D. Siersma, and A. D. Guassora, “Sample Size in Qualitative Interview Studies: Guided by Information Power,” Qualitative Health Research 26, no. 13 (2016): 1753–1760, https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315617444.
A. Tong, P. Sainsbury, and J. Craig, “Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ): A 32‐Item Checklist for Interviews and Focus Groups,” International Journal for Quality in Health Care 19, no. 6 (2007): 349–357, https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzm042.
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Contributed Indexing: Keywords: clinical competence; credentialing; hospital; pharmacy; qualitative research
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260910 Date Completed: 20260910 Latest Revision: 20260918
Update Code: 20260918
DOI: 10.1002/jac5.70286
PMID: 42717741
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: Perceived Value of Board of Pharmacy Specialties Certification Among Hospital Pharmacists in Spain: A Qualitative Interview Study.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Viñas-Bastart+M%22">Viñas-Bastart M</searchLink>; Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Moreno-Martínez+ME%22">Moreno-Martínez ME</searchLink>; Pharmacy Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IR Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ruiz-Boy+S%22">Ruiz-Boy S</searchLink>; Pharmacy Service, Division of Medicines, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22De+Pourcq+JT%22">De Pourcq JT</searchLink>; Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.; Pharmacy Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IR Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Roca+CM%22">Roca CM</searchLink>; Pharmacy Service, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, La Coruña, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Carreras-Soler+MJ%22">Carreras-Soler MJ</searchLink>; Pharmacy Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Amor+García+MÁ%22">Amor García MÁ</searchLink>; Pharmacy Service, Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina, Parla, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Salazar-Laya+B%22">Salazar-Laya B</searchLink>; Pharmacy Department, Hospital A. Marcide, Ferrol, La Coruña, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Felipe+VF%22">Felipe VF</searchLink>; Costa Del Sol University Hospital, Pharmacy, Marbella, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Rojo+García+A%22">Rojo García A</searchLink>; Pharmacy Service, Centro Hospitalario Benito Menni, Elizondo, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Letellez+Fernández+J%22">Letellez Fernández J</searchLink>; Pharmacy Service, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Modamio+P%22">Modamio P</searchLink>; Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Guiu-Segura+JM%22">Guiu-Segura JM</searchLink>; Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.; Pharmacy Service, Xarxa Tecla Sanitaria, Social i docent, Tarragona, Spain.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22101723133%22">Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy : JACCP</searchLink> [J Am Coll Clin Pharm] 2026 Oct; Vol. 9 (10), pp. e70286.
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Wiley%22">Wiley </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>United States <i>NLM ID: </i>101723133 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>2574-9870 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2225749870%22">25749870 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>J Am Coll Clin Pharm <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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  Data: <i>Original Publication</i>: [Hoboken, NJ] : Wiley, [2018]-
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Pharmacists%22">Pharmacists*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Pharmacists+standards%22">standards</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Pharmacists%22">Pharmacists*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Pharmacists+psychology%22">psychology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Certification%22">Certification*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Certification+standards%22">standards</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Pharmacy+Service%2C+Hospital%22">Pharmacy Service, Hospital*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Pharmacy+Service%2C+Hospital+standards%22">standards</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Pharmacy+Service%2C+Hospital%22">Pharmacy Service, Hospital*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Pharmacy+Service%2C+Hospital+organization+%26+administration%22">organization & administration</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Spain%22">Spain</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Qualitative+Research%22">Qualitative Research</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Male%22">Male</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Female%22">Female</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Clinical+Competence%22">Clinical Competence</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Attitude+of+Health+Personnel%22">Attitude of Health Personnel</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Interviews+as+Topic%22">Interviews as Topic</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Professional+Role%22">Professional Role</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Adult%22">Adult</searchLink>
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  Data: Background: Board of Pharmacy Specialties certification has emerged internationally as a mechanism to support advanced pharmacy practice and professional differentiation. However, little is known about how BPS-certified pharmacists perceive its value within health care systems with specialist training pathways, such as in Spain. This study aimed to explore the perceived value, professional impact, and implementation barriers of BPS certification among hospital pharmacists in Spain.<br />Methods: A qualitative descriptive study used semi-structured interviews with BPS-certified hospital pharmacists practicing in Spain. Participants were purposively recruited to ensure diversity in certification specialty, geographical region, and profile. Interviews were conducted between April and June 2026, audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Reporting followed Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research.<br />Results: Eleven hospital pharmacists representing multiple BPS specialties participated. Participants perceived BPS certification as strengthening clinical competence, improving confidence in pharmacotherapeutic decision-making, and supporting advanced clinical practice. Certification was perceived to enhance professional credibility within interprofessional clinical teams and among pharmacist colleagues. However, participants described limited institutional recognition, with little impact on salary, career progression, employment systems, or protected professional development time. Major barriers included time investment, economic costs, recertification requirements, and partial mismatch between the United States-oriented examination framework and the Spanish health care context. Participants viewed BPS certification as a complementary credential to the national hospital pharmacy residency system rather than a substitute for specialist training. Most anticipated demand for credentialing would continue to increase as hospital pharmacy practice becomes specialized and clinically complex.<br />Conclusions: BPS certification is perceived as a valuable mechanism supporting advanced clinical competence, professional differentiation, and integration into interprofessional practice. Nevertheless, broader implementation remains limited by insufficient institutional recognition and structural support. Greater alignment between international credentialing systems and national professional development frameworks may facilitate integration of pharmacy practice credentials within the Spanish health care system.<br /> (© 2026 The Author(s). JACCP: Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of ACCP Foundation, Ltd.)
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: S. Meilianti, K. Galbraith, L. Bader, A. Udoh, D. Ernawati, and I. Bates, “The Development and Validation of a Global Advanced Development Framework for the Pharmacy Workforce: A Four‐Stage Multi‐Methods Approach,” International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 45 (2023): 940–951, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096‐023‐01585‐x.<br />K. M. K. Lee, A. Page, S. Kim, et al., “Perceptions and Expectations of Health Professionals Regarding Hospital Pharmacy Services and the Roles of Hospital Pharmacists: A Qualitative Systematic Review and Meta‐Synthesis,” Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy 10 (2023): 100264, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100264.<br />J. Ruiz‐Ramos, M. Hernández, and A. Juanes‐Borrego, “The Impact of Pharmaceutical Care in Multidisciplinary Teams on Health Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis,” Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 22 (2021): 2518–2526.<br />International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), “FIP Development Goals,” accessed May 10, 2026, https://developmentgoals.fip.org/.<br />International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), “Advanced and Specialist Development (FIP Development Goal 4),” accessed May 10, 2026, https://developmentgoals.fip.org/dg4/.<br />B. E. Lawson and J. M. Guiu‐Segura, “Evaluating Board Certification Within International Advance Pharmacy Practice Frameworks,” Farmacia Hospitalaria 46, no. 3 (2022): 191–198.<br />A. Udoh, A. Bruno‐Tomé, D. K. Ernawati, K. Galbraith, and I. Bates, “The Effectiveness and Impact on Performance of Pharmacy‐Related Competency Development Frameworks: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis,” Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 17, no. 10 (2021): 1685–1696, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.02.008.<br />E. Deasy, A. Seoighe, C. Ryan, et al., “Pharmacy Stakeholders' Views and Experiences of the Credentialing of Advanced or Specialist Pharmacist Practice: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review,” Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy 16 (2024): 100522, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100522.<br />Board of Pharmacy Specialties, “Innovating for the Future: A 50‐Year Milestone in Pharmacist Board Certification,” , 2026, accessed May 10, 2026, https://bpsweb.org/2026/01/21/innovating‐for‐the‐future‐a‐50‐year‐milestone‐in‐pharmacist‐board‐certification/.<br />R. J. DiDomenico, S. E. Smith, A. Chan, et al., “A Roadmap for Studying the Impact of Pharmacist Board Certification on Patient Outcomes: Feasibility, Applicability, and Methodological Considerations,” JACCP: Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy 9, no. 2 (2026): e70165, https://doi.org/10.1002/jac5.70165.<br />K. S. Smetana, E. Liang, W. Adams, et al., “PHarmacist Avoidance or Reductions in Medical Costs Considering Board of Pharmacy Specialties Certification (PHARM‐BPS),” Hospital Pharmacy 60, no. 4 (2025): 362–369, https://doi.org/10.1177/00185787251319311.<br />Board of Pharmacy Specialties, BPS Board Certification Programs (Board of Pharmacy Specialties, 2023), accessed May 10, 2026, https://bpsweb.org/.<br />International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), Transforming Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Education in the Context of Workforce Development (International Pharmaceutical Federation, 2017).<br />I. Bates, C. John, A. Bruno, P. Fu, and S. Aliabadi, “An Analysis of the Global Pharmacy Workforce Capacity,” Human Resources for Health 14, no. 1 (2016): 61, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960‐016‐0158‐z.<br />Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria (SEFH), Proyecto SEFH 2030. 20 Retos Para 2030 (SEFH, 2024), Accessed May 10, 2026, https://proyecto2030.sefh.es/img/2040705‐informe‐completo‐sefh.pdf.<br />Q. López‐Noguera, A. Pérez‐Plasencia, L. Gratacós‐Santanach, A. Dordà‐Benito, C. Díez‐Vallejo, and R. Sacrest‐Güell, “Evolución del Proyecto 2020 de la Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria en un Servicio de Farmacia Hospitalaria,” Farmacia Hospitalaria 46, no. 1 (2022): 3–9, https://doi.org/10.7399/fh.11680.<br />J. M. Guiu Segura, “La Certificación Board of Pharmacy Specialties (BPS) Como Estrategia del Desarrollo Profesional Continuo de la Farmacia Hospitalaria,” Farmacia Hospitalaria 49, no. 6 (2025): 351–418, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.farma.2025.06.009.<br />International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), Advanced Practice and Specialisation in Pharmacy: Global Report 2015 (Hague: International Pharmaceutical Federation, 2015).<br />L. R. Bader, I. Bates, and K. Galbraith, “Trends in Advanced Practice and Specialisation in the Global Pharmacy Workforce: A Synthesis of Country Case Studies,” International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 28, no. 2 (2020): 182–190, https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12612.<br />M. Pérez‐Encinas, E. Negro‐Vega, and C. M. Fernández‐Llamazares, “2022 SEFH National Survey on Hospital Pharmacy Services in Spain: Human Resources, Infrastructure, Technology, Information Systems, Education and Research,” Farmacia Hospitalaria 49 (2025): 312–320, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.farma.2025.05.006.<br />K. Malterud, V. D. Siersma, and A. D. Guassora, “Sample Size in Qualitative Interview Studies: Guided by Information Power,” Qualitative Health Research 26, no. 13 (2016): 1753–1760, https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315617444.<br />A. Tong, P. Sainsbury, and J. Craig, “Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ): A 32‐Item Checklist for Interviews and Focus Groups,” International Journal for Quality in Health Care 19, no. 6 (2007): 349–357, https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzm042.<br />L. A. Dossett, A. H. Kaji, and A. Cochran, “SRQR and COREQ Reporting Guidelines for Qualitative Studies,” JAMA Surgery 156, no. 9 (2021): 875–876, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0525.<br />M. 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              Text: 2026 Oct
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