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Synergistic magneto-enzymatic propulsion enables multimodal nanomotor swarms.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος: Synergistic magneto-enzymatic propulsion enables multimodal nanomotor swarms.
Συγγραφείς: Bakenecker AC; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain. anna.bakenecker@tu-darmstadt.de.; Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany. anna.bakenecker@tu-darmstadt.de., Arqué X; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain. xavier.arque@espci.fr.; Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. xavier.arque@espci.fr.; Gulliver UMR CNRS 7083, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, Paris, France. xavier.arque@espci.fr., Peetroons X; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain., Soto Rodriguez PED; Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CEA, BIAM, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.; Instituto de estudios avanzados IUDEA, Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Laguna C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, Tenerife, Spain., Prévéral S; Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CEA, BIAM, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France., Faivre D; Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CEA, BIAM, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia., Sánchez S; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain. ssanchez@ibecbarcelona.eu.; Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain. ssanchez@ibecbarcelona.eu.
Πηγή: Nature communications [Nat Commun] 2026 Aug 11; Vol. 17 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Aug 11.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Nature Pub. Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101528555 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2041-1723 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20411723 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nat Commun Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: [London] : Nature Pub. Group
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Urease*/metabolism , Urease*/chemistry , Magnetosomes*/chemistry , Magnetosomes*/metabolism, Magnetic Fields ; Catalysis ; Magnetospirillum ; Magnetics
Περίληψη: Enzymatic nanomotors self-propel by converting free molecular energy from chemical reactions. While initially used mainly as individual particles, these systems are increasingly implemented as swarms, where collective effects enable adaptable navigation in complex environments, broader coverage and enhanced local agent concentration. However, most studies have focused on planar swarming, and collective systems that combine magnetic navigation with enzyme-powered motion remain largely underexplored. Here, as a mechanistic proof-of-principle, we introduce urease-powered nanomotors based on bioproduced magnetosomes that operate in two sequential collective modes: (i) magnetic localization of the ensemble and (ii) catalysis-triggered, interface-dependent expansion of that localized cloud. We investigate this catalytic collective phenomenon under varying conditions, including particle and substrate concentrations, media viscosity, and confinement, and devote particular attention to distinguishing urea-driven buoyant accumulation from catalysis-dependent interfacial spreading using combined top/side-view imaging and inactive particle controls. Finally, we examine the swarm under a magnetic field gradient to concentrate it in a target area and then trigger catalytic expansion. In confined environments, where the free-interface expansion is suppressed, magnetic localization and local enrichment remain operative. Rather than targeting a specific immediate application, this work establishes a two step collective strategy, clarifies the mechanism underlying a distinct catalytic swarm mode, and defines the physical conditions that may support future environmental and biomedical implementations of multimodal nanomotor swarms.
(© 2026. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Competing interests: There are no conflicts to declare.
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Grant Information: 866348 EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council); LOEWE-Start Hessisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kunst (Hessen State Ministry of Higher Education, Research and the Arts)
Substance Nomenclature: EC 3.5.1.5 (Urease)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260910 Date Completed: 20260910 Latest Revision: 20260914
Update Code: 20260914
PubMed Central ID: PMC13558676
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-026-76053-x
PMID: 42717205
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Synergistic magneto-enzymatic propulsion enables multimodal nanomotor swarms.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bakenecker+AC%22">Bakenecker AC</searchLink>; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain. anna.bakenecker@tu-darmstadt.de.; Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany. anna.bakenecker@tu-darmstadt.de.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Arqué+X%22">Arqué X</searchLink>; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain. xavier.arque@espci.fr.; Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. xavier.arque@espci.fr.; Gulliver UMR CNRS 7083, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, Paris, France. xavier.arque@espci.fr.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Peetroons+X%22">Peetroons X</searchLink>; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Soto+Rodriguez+PED%22">Soto Rodriguez PED</searchLink>; Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CEA, BIAM, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.; Instituto de estudios avanzados IUDEA, Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Laguna C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, Tenerife, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Prévéral+S%22">Prévéral S</searchLink>; Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CEA, BIAM, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Faivre+D%22">Faivre D</searchLink>; Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CEA, BIAM, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sánchez+S%22">Sánchez S</searchLink>; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain. ssanchez@ibecbarcelona.eu.; Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain. ssanchez@ibecbarcelona.eu.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Urease%22">Urease*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Urease+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Urease%22">Urease*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Urease+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Magnetosomes%22">Magnetosomes*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Magnetosomes+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Magnetosomes%22">Magnetosomes*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Magnetosomes+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Magnetic+Fields%22">Magnetic Fields</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Catalysis%22">Catalysis</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Magnetospirillum%22">Magnetospirillum</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Magnetics%22">Magnetics</searchLink>
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  Data: Enzymatic nanomotors self-propel by converting free molecular energy from chemical reactions. While initially used mainly as individual particles, these systems are increasingly implemented as swarms, where collective effects enable adaptable navigation in complex environments, broader coverage and enhanced local agent concentration. However, most studies have focused on planar swarming, and collective systems that combine magnetic navigation with enzyme-powered motion remain largely underexplored. Here, as a mechanistic proof-of-principle, we introduce urease-powered nanomotors based on bioproduced magnetosomes that operate in two sequential collective modes: (i) magnetic localization of the ensemble and (ii) catalysis-triggered, interface-dependent expansion of that localized cloud. We investigate this catalytic collective phenomenon under varying conditions, including particle and substrate concentrations, media viscosity, and confinement, and devote particular attention to distinguishing urea-driven buoyant accumulation from catalysis-dependent interfacial spreading using combined top/side-view imaging and inactive particle controls. Finally, we examine the swarm under a magnetic field gradient to concentrate it in a target area and then trigger catalytic expansion. In confined environments, where the free-interface expansion is suppressed, magnetic localization and local enrichment remain operative. Rather than targeting a specific immediate application, this work establishes a two step collective strategy, clarifies the mechanism underlying a distinct catalytic swarm mode, and defines the physical conditions that may support future environmental and biomedical implementations of multimodal nanomotor swarms.<br /> (© 2026. The Author(s).)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: Competing interests: There are no conflicts to declare.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
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  Data: 866348 EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council); LOEWE-Start Hessisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kunst (Hessen State Ministry of Higher Education, Research and the Arts)
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  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260910 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260910 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260914
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  Data: 20260914
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  Data: PMC13558676
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  Data: 10.1038/s41467-026-76053-x
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  Data: 42717205
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42717205
RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1038/s41467-026-76053-x
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Magnetic Fields
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Catalysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Magnetospirillum
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Magnetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Urease metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Urease chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Magnetosomes chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Magnetosomes metabolism
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Synergistic magneto-enzymatic propulsion enables multimodal nanomotor swarms.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
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      – PersonEntity:
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            NameFull: Bakenecker AC
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            NameFull: Arqué X
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            NameFull: Peetroons X
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            NameFull: Soto Rodriguez PED
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            NameFull: Prévéral S
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            NameFull: Faivre D
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            NameFull: Sánchez S
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            – D: 11
              M: 08
              Text: 2026 Aug 11
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 2041-1723
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 17
            – Type: issue
              Value: 1
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Nature communications
              Type: main
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