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Evidence for nephrolithiasis preceding sarcoidosis diagnosis: findings from a Swedish case-control study.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος: Evidence for nephrolithiasis preceding sarcoidosis diagnosis: findings from a Swedish case-control study.
Συγγραφείς: Werner J; Division of Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Gävlegatan 55, Stockholm, NB3:03, SE-171 76, Sweden. joanna.werner@ki.se.; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. joanna.werner@ki.se., Arkema EV; Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden., Thiel T; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.; Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden., Batyrbekova N; Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden., Kullberg S; Division of Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Gävlegatan 55, Stockholm, NB3:03, SE-171 76, Sweden.; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
Πηγή: Respiratory research [Respir Res] 2026 Aug 28; Vol. 27 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Aug 28.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: BioMed Central Ltd Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101090633 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1465-993X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14659921 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Respir Res Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: 2001- : London : BioMed Central Ltd.
Original Publication: London : Current Science Ltd., c2000-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Nephrolithiasis*/epidemiology , Nephrolithiasis*/diagnosis , Sarcoidosis*/epidemiology , Sarcoidosis*/diagnosis, Sweden/epidemiology ; Humans ; Female ; Case-Control Studies ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Adult ; Registries ; Aged
Περίληψη: Background: Patients with sarcoidosis have an increased risk for calcium metabolism disturbances, such as hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria. Previous studies suggest that nephrolithiasis (stone formation in the renal and ureter, often caused by dysregulated calcium balance) may occur long before sarcoidosis diagnosis and may be an early sign of not-yet-diagnosed sarcoidosis. We hypothesized that a history of nephrolithiasis is associated with future risk of sarcoidosis.
Methods: In this population-based matched case-control study, we included individuals with sarcoidosis and matched general population controls and identified those with a history of nephrolithiasis in Swedish nationwide registers. Patients with sarcoidosis who received treatment within three months of their sarcoidosis diagnosis were classified as severe. Nephrolithiasis severity was defined based on the need for intervention, multiple stones and early onset. Conditional logistic regression models estimated adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (OR; 95%CI).
Results: A total of 10,904 sarcoidosis patients and 99,211 general population controls were included. At sarcoidosis diagnosis, 4.5% of patients had a history of nephrolithiasis compared to 2.6% of controls. Nephrolithiasis was associated with a 61% increased odds of sarcoidosis (adjusted OR = 1.61; 95%CI 1.46-1.78). The OR of severe sarcoidosis associated with a history of severe nephrolithiasis was 1.35 (95%CI 0.58-3.16).
Conclusions: These findings indicate that nephrolithiasis might be an early sign of sarcoidosis in a subset of patients.
(© 2026. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval was obtained from the Regional Ethical Review Board in Stockholm (DNR: 2014/230-31, 2021-01856). Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
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Epidemiology. 2021 May 1;32(3):444-447. (PMID: 33625159)
Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 Oct;41(5):618-625. (PMID: 32777848)
Am Fam Physician. 2019 Apr 15;99(8):490-496. (PMID: 30990297)
Eur Respir J. 2024 Sep 26;64(6):. (PMID: 39326919)
World J Urol. 2017 Sep;35(9):1301-1320. (PMID: 28213860)
Korean J Urol. 2011 Dec;52(12):847-51. (PMID: 22216398)
Eur J Haematol. 2015 Oct;95(4):342-51. (PMID: 25645321)
Reumatologia. 2018;56(6):377-381. (PMID: 30647484)
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Apr 18;25(8):. (PMID: 38674033)
ERJ Open Res. 2021 May 24;7(2):. (PMID: 34046487)
Obes Res. 2004 Jan;12(1):106-13. (PMID: 14742848)
Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2016 May-Jun;34(3):380-8. (PMID: 27050339)
Minerva Urol Nefrol. 2018 Aug;70(4):393-400. (PMID: 29856171)
J Urol. 2018 Oct;200(4):823-828. (PMID: 29730204)
Eur J Epidemiol. 2025 Mar;40(3):359-369. (PMID: 40140143)
J Urol. 2017 Aug;198(2):268-273. (PMID: 28286070)
Eur J Epidemiol. 2024 Mar;39(3):313-322. (PMID: 38212490)
Nutrients. 2023 Mar 31;15(7):. (PMID: 37049567)
Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2000 Sep;6(5):442-7. (PMID: 10958237)
Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020 Dec;16(12):736-746. (PMID: 32753740)
J Investig Med. 2016 Jun;64(5):1025-34. (PMID: 27053725)
ERJ Open Res. 2023 Apr 03;9(2):. (PMID: 37020842)
Respir Med. 2020 Jan;161:105846. (PMID: 32056723)
Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Jul;96(29):e7595. (PMID: 28723801)
Malays J Pathol. 2023 Dec;45(3):333-352. (PMID: 38155376)
Kidney Int. 2005 Sep;68(3):1230-5. (PMID: 16105055)
J Nephrol. 2017 Apr;30(2):227-233. (PMID: 26969574)
Chron Respir Dis. 2019 Jan-Dec;16:1479973119878713. (PMID: 31718265)
J Urol. 2010 Jul;184(1):190-2. (PMID: 20478584)
Scott Med J. 1960 Sep;5:392-6. (PMID: 13683202)
Joint Bone Spine. 2022 Mar;89(2):105290. (PMID: 34653603)
J Clin Invest. 1939 Nov;18(6):687-93. (PMID: 16694702)
J Clin Med. 2024 Feb 16;13(4):. (PMID: 38398427)
Acta Chir Belg. 2023 Aug;123(4):354-361. (PMID: 34982023)
Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 1996 Sep;13(2):167-72. (PMID: 8893387)
J Clin Med. 2021 Jun 27;10(13):. (PMID: 34198985)
J Autoimmun. 2024 Dec;149:103207. (PMID: 38521611)
Chest. 2024 Nov;166(5):1082-1092. (PMID: 38857779)
J Gastrointest Surg. 2019 Apr;23(4):739-744. (PMID: 30430431)
Thorax. 1995 May;50(5):555-9. (PMID: 7597671)
PLoS One. 2014 Nov 25;9(11):e113602. (PMID: 25423471)
Am J Med. 1995 Jan;98(1):50-9. (PMID: 7825619)
Urol Clin North Am. 2000 May;27(2):275-85, viii. (PMID: 10778470)
Respir Med. 2021 Oct;187:106537. (PMID: 34325227)
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 May 20;330(4):1080-6. (PMID: 15823554)
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Nov 15;164(10 Pt 1):1885-9. (PMID: 11734441)
J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 Dec;25(12):2878-86. (PMID: 25104803)
Mayo Clin Proc. 2015 Oct;90(10):1356-65. (PMID: 26349951)
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Dec;19(12):2532-2540.e2. (PMID: 33007511)
Respir Med. 2022 Jan;191:106688. (PMID: 34839065)
CHEST Pulm. 2025 Dec;3(4):. (PMID: 41646626)
Int J Urol. 2007 Oct;14(10):954-6. (PMID: 17880300)
Diagnostics (Basel). 2024 Mar 27;14(7):. (PMID: 38611622)
J Nephrol. 2023 Jan;36(1):5-15. (PMID: 35761015)
World J Urol. 2026 Jan 30;44(1):139. (PMID: 41615515)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Calcium metabolism; Nephrolithiasis; Sarcoidosis
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260907 Date Completed: 20260907 Latest Revision: 20260909
Update Code: 20260909
PubMed Central ID: PMC13548631
DOI: 10.1186/s12931-026-03877-y
PMID: 42702710
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Evidence for nephrolithiasis preceding sarcoidosis diagnosis: findings from a Swedish case-control study.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Werner+J%22">Werner J</searchLink>; Division of Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Gävlegatan 55, Stockholm, NB3:03, SE-171 76, Sweden. joanna.werner@ki.se.; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. joanna.werner@ki.se.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Arkema+EV%22">Arkema EV</searchLink>; Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Thiel+T%22">Thiel T</searchLink>; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.; Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Batyrbekova+N%22">Batyrbekova N</searchLink>; Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kullberg+S%22">Kullberg S</searchLink>; Division of Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Gävlegatan 55, Stockholm, NB3:03, SE-171 76, Sweden.; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22101090633%22">Respiratory research</searchLink> [Respir Res] 2026 Aug 28; Vol. 27 (1). <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Aug 28.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nephrolithiasis%22">Nephrolithiasis*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nephrolithiasis+epidemiology%22">epidemiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nephrolithiasis%22">Nephrolithiasis*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nephrolithiasis+diagnosis%22">diagnosis</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Sarcoidosis%22">Sarcoidosis*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Sarcoidosis+epidemiology%22">epidemiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Sarcoidosis%22">Sarcoidosis*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Sarcoidosis+diagnosis%22">diagnosis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Sweden%22">Sweden</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Sweden+epidemiology%22">epidemiology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Female%22">Female</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Case-Control+Studies%22">Case-Control Studies</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Male%22">Male</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Middle+Aged%22">Middle Aged</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Risk+Factors%22">Risk Factors</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Adult%22">Adult</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Registries%22">Registries</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Aged%22">Aged</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Background: Patients with sarcoidosis have an increased risk for calcium metabolism disturbances, such as hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria. Previous studies suggest that nephrolithiasis (stone formation in the renal and ureter, often caused by dysregulated calcium balance) may occur long before sarcoidosis diagnosis and may be an early sign of not-yet-diagnosed sarcoidosis. We hypothesized that a history of nephrolithiasis is associated with future risk of sarcoidosis.<br />Methods: In this population-based matched case-control study, we included individuals with sarcoidosis and matched general population controls and identified those with a history of nephrolithiasis in Swedish nationwide registers. Patients with sarcoidosis who received treatment within three months of their sarcoidosis diagnosis were classified as severe. Nephrolithiasis severity was defined based on the need for intervention, multiple stones and early onset. Conditional logistic regression models estimated adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (OR; 95%CI).<br />Results: A total of 10,904 sarcoidosis patients and 99,211 general population controls were included. At sarcoidosis diagnosis, 4.5% of patients had a history of nephrolithiasis compared to 2.6% of controls. Nephrolithiasis was associated with a 61% increased odds of sarcoidosis (adjusted OR = 1.61; 95%CI 1.46-1.78). The OR of severe sarcoidosis associated with a history of severe nephrolithiasis was 1.35 (95%CI 0.58-3.16).<br />Conclusions: These findings indicate that nephrolithiasis might be an early sign of sarcoidosis in a subset of patients.<br /> (© 2026. The Author(s).)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval was obtained from the Regional Ethical Review Board in Stockholm (DNR: 2014/230-31, 2021-01856). Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
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(PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230430431%22">30430431)</searchLink><br />Thorax. 1995 May;50(5):555-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%227597671%22">7597671)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2014 Nov 25;9(11):e113602. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225423471%22">25423471)</searchLink><br />Am J Med. 1995 Jan;98(1):50-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%227825619%22">7825619)</searchLink><br />Urol Clin North Am. 2000 May;27(2):275-85, viii. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210778470%22">10778470)</searchLink><br />Respir Med. 2021 Oct;187:106537. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234325227%22">34325227)</searchLink><br />Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 May 20;330(4):1080-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215823554%22">15823554)</searchLink><br />Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Nov 15;164(10 Pt 1):1885-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2211734441%22">11734441)</searchLink><br />J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 Dec;25(12):2878-86. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225104803%22">25104803)</searchLink><br />Mayo Clin Proc. 2015 Oct;90(10):1356-65. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226349951%22">26349951)</searchLink><br />Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Dec;19(12):2532-2540.e2. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233007511%22">33007511)</searchLink><br />Respir Med. 2022 Jan;191:106688. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234839065%22">34839065)</searchLink><br />CHEST Pulm. 2025 Dec;3(4):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241646626%22">41646626)</searchLink><br />Int J Urol. 2007 Oct;14(10):954-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217880300%22">17880300)</searchLink><br />Diagnostics (Basel). 2024 Mar 27;14(7):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238611622%22">38611622)</searchLink><br />J Nephrol. 2023 Jan;36(1):5-15. 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      – SubjectFull: Female
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Case-Control Studies
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Male
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Middle Aged
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Risk Factors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Adult
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Registries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Aged
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nephrolithiasis epidemiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nephrolithiasis diagnosis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sarcoidosis epidemiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sarcoidosis diagnosis
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Evidence for nephrolithiasis preceding sarcoidosis diagnosis: findings from a Swedish case-control study.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Werner J
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Arkema EV
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Thiel T
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Batyrbekova N
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Kullberg S
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 28
              M: 08
              Text: 2026 Aug 28
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1465-993X
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 27
            – Type: issue
              Value: 1
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Respiratory research
              Type: main
ResultId 1