Academic Journal
Controlling the Triple Network Model: Salience Network Modulatory Roles, Default Mode Dynamic Functions, and Central Executive Network Heterogeneity.
| Title: | Controlling the Triple Network Model: Salience Network Modulatory Roles, Default Mode Dynamic Functions, and Central Executive Network Heterogeneity. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Pham M; Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada., Odutola S; Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada., Pable H; Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada., Chhabra R; Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Mechatronics Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada., D'Angiulli A; Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. |
| Source: | Journal of integrative neuroscience [J Integr Neurosci] 2026 Aug 26; Vol. 25 (8), pp. 52511. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article; Review |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: IMR Press Country of Publication: Singapore NLM ID: 101156357 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 0219-6352 (Print) Linking ISSN: 02196352 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Integr Neurosci Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: 2021-: Singapore : IMR Press Original Publication: London : Imperial College Press, c2002- |
| MeSH Terms: | Nerve Net*/physiology , Nerve Net*/diagnostic imaging , Default Mode Network*/physiology , Default Mode Network*/diagnostic imaging , Executive Function*/physiology , Brain*/physiology , Models, Neurological*, Neural Pathways/physiology ; Humans ; Brain Mapping |
| Abstract: | The triple network model has become a widely adopted framework for studying large-scale brain organization in basic and clinical neuroscience; however, accumulating evidence complicates this taxonomy. The default mode network, once labelled "task-negative", is now recognized as dynamically engaged across both internally directed and task-related processes. The salience network, often described as a "switching" hub, exerts context-dependent modulatory influences on both default mode and central executive network activity, supported by oscillatory coupling and directed connectivity. The central executive and frontoparietal networks, traditionally viewed as a unitary task-positive network, display heterogeneity across parcellations and frequency bands, suggesting finer-grained functional subdivisions than previously assumed. Multimodal studies integrating electroencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and other approaches converge on the view that networks interact through flexible, frequency-specific dynamics, but diverge in their anatomical assignments depending on atlas, modality, and task. In this scoping review synthesizes evidence on network definitions, methodological inconsistencies, and putative modulatory mechanisms, highlighting the heterogeneity of control networks and underscoring the need to incorporate temporal dynamics into future taxonomies. We propose that geometric hypotheses of neural control describing the global coordination of local activities, such as those used in neural manifolds, may improve our understanding of disordered cognition by integrating the many existing methodologically constrained maps into a coherent stable atlas that is more robust to approximating biases and errors associated with sampled population variability. (Copyright: © 2026 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.) |
| Competing Interests: | Given his role as the Guest Editor member, Amedeo D’Angiulli had no involvement in the peer review of this article and has no access to information regarding its peer review. Full responsibility for the editorial process for this article was delegated to Bettina Platt. |
| Grant Information: | NFRFE -2019-00503 New Frontiers in Research Fund Exploration grant |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: brain mapping; default mode network; signal processing |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260904 Date Completed: 20260904 Latest Revision: 20260904 |
| Update Code: | 20260905 |
| DOI: | 10.31083/JIN52511 |
| PMID: | 42695255 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Controlling the Triple Network Model: Salience Network Modulatory Roles, Default Mode Dynamic Functions, and Central Executive Network Heterogeneity. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Pham+M%22">Pham M</searchLink>; Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Odutola+S%22">Odutola S</searchLink>; Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Pable+H%22">Pable H</searchLink>; Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chhabra+R%22">Chhabra R</searchLink>; Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Mechatronics Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22D'Angiulli+A%22">D'Angiulli A</searchLink>; Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22101156357%22">Journal of integrative neuroscience</searchLink> [J Integr Neurosci] 2026 Aug 26; Vol. 25 (8), pp. 52511. – Name: TypePub Label: Publication Type Group: TypPub Data: Journal Article; Review – Name: Language Label: Language Group: Lang Data: English – Name: TitleSource Label: Journal Info Group: Src Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22IMR+Press%22">IMR Press </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>Singapore <i>NLM ID: </i>101156357 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>0219-6352 (Print) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2202196352%22">02196352 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>J Integr Neurosci <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE – Name: PublisherInfo Label: Imprint Name(s) Group: PubInfo Data: <i>Publication</i>: 2021-: Singapore : IMR Press<br /><i>Original Publication</i>: London : Imperial College Press, c2002- – Name: SubjectMESH Label: MeSH Terms Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nerve+Net%22">Nerve Net*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nerve+Net+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nerve+Net%22">Nerve Net*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nerve+Net+diagnostic+imaging%22">diagnostic imaging</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Default+Mode+Network%22">Default Mode Network*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Default+Mode+Network+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Default+Mode+Network%22">Default Mode Network*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Default+Mode+Network+diagnostic+imaging%22">diagnostic imaging</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Executive+Function%22">Executive Function*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Executive+Function+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Brain%22">Brain*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Brain+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Models%2C+Neurological%22">Models, Neurological*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Neural+Pathways%22">Neural Pathways</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Neural+Pathways+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Brain+Mapping%22">Brain Mapping</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: The triple network model has become a widely adopted framework for studying large-scale brain organization in basic and clinical neuroscience; however, accumulating evidence complicates this taxonomy. The default mode network, once labelled "task-negative", is now recognized as dynamically engaged across both internally directed and task-related processes. The salience network, often described as a "switching" hub, exerts context-dependent modulatory influences on both default mode and central executive network activity, supported by oscillatory coupling and directed connectivity. The central executive and frontoparietal networks, traditionally viewed as a unitary task-positive network, display heterogeneity across parcellations and frequency bands, suggesting finer-grained functional subdivisions than previously assumed. Multimodal studies integrating electroencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and other approaches converge on the view that networks interact through flexible, frequency-specific dynamics, but diverge in their anatomical assignments depending on atlas, modality, and task. In this scoping review synthesizes evidence on network definitions, methodological inconsistencies, and putative modulatory mechanisms, highlighting the heterogeneity of control networks and underscoring the need to incorporate temporal dynamics into future taxonomies. We propose that geometric hypotheses of neural control describing the global coordination of local activities, such as those used in neural manifolds, may improve our understanding of disordered cognition by integrating the many existing methodologically constrained maps into a coherent stable atlas that is more robust to approximating biases and errors associated with sampled population variability.<br /> (Copyright: © 2026 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.) – Name: Abstract Label: Competing Interests Group: Ab Data: Given his role as the Guest Editor member, Amedeo D’Angiulli had no involvement in the peer review of this article and has no access to information regarding its peer review. Full responsibility for the editorial process for this article was delegated to Bettina Platt. – Name: GrantInfo Label: Grant Information Group: Grant Data: NFRFE -2019-00503 New Frontiers in Research Fund Exploration grant – Name: SubjectMinor Label: Contributed Indexing Group: Data: <i>Keywords: </i>brain mapping; default mode network; signal processing – Name: DateEntry Label: Entry Date(s) Group: Date Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260904 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260904 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260904 – Name: DateUpdate Label: Update Code Group: Date Data: 20260905 – Name: DOI Label: DOI Group: ID Data: 10.31083/JIN52511 – Name: AN Label: PMID Group: ID Data: 42695255 |
| PLink | https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42695255 |
| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.31083/JIN52511 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: StartPage: 52511 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Neural Pathways physiology Type: general – SubjectFull: Humans Type: general – SubjectFull: Brain Mapping Type: general – SubjectFull: Nerve Net physiology Type: general – SubjectFull: Nerve Net diagnostic imaging Type: general – SubjectFull: Default Mode Network physiology Type: general – SubjectFull: Default Mode Network diagnostic imaging Type: general – SubjectFull: Executive Function physiology Type: general – SubjectFull: Brain physiology Type: general – SubjectFull: Models, Neurological Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Controlling the Triple Network Model: Salience Network Modulatory Roles, Default Mode Dynamic Functions, and Central Executive Network Heterogeneity. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Pham M – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Odutola S – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Pable H – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Chhabra R – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: D'Angiulli A IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 26 M: 08 Text: 2026 Aug 26 Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 0219-6352 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 25 – Type: issue Value: 8 Titles: – TitleFull: Journal of integrative neuroscience Type: main |
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