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Impact of car-wash wastewater discharge on urban streams: a case study from Jimma city, southwestern Ethiopia.

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Τίτλος: Impact of car-wash wastewater discharge on urban streams: a case study from Jimma city, southwestern Ethiopia.
Συγγραφείς: Ahmednur M; Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia. mahmud.ahmednur@ju.edu.et., Nasir D; Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia., Ayele S; Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia., Astatkie H; School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia., Tesso MW; Department of Public Health, Dambi Dollo University, Dambi Dollo, Ethiopia., Olani DD; Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia., Eba K; Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
Πηγή: Environmental monitoring and assessment [Environ Monit Assess] 2026 Sep 02; Vol. 198 (9). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 02.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8508350 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1573-2959 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01676369 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Monit Assess Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: 1998- : Dordrecht : Springer
Original Publication: Dordrecht, Holland ; Boston : D. Reidel Pub. Co., c1981-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Rivers*/chemistry , Wastewater*/chemistry , Wastewater*/statistics & numerical data , Water Pollutants, Chemical*/analysis , Environmental Monitoring* , Automobiles*, Ethiopia ; Cities ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; Water Quality
Περίληψη: Freshwater ecosystems in rapidly urbanizing regions are increasingly threatened by effluent discharges. Car-wash stations are a significant source of pollution, releasing effluents rich in detergents, oils, and organic matter directly into streams. Despite global evidence demonstrating the effects of car-wash effluent on receiving water bodies, it remains overlooked in Ethiopia. This study assessed the impact of car-wash effluent on water quality and habitat condition of urban streams in Jimma city, Ethiopia. The study was conducted at seven car-wash stations in April 2023. Forty-two water samples were collected from upstream, discharge, and downstream sites during weekdays and weekends and analyzed for different physicochemical quality parameters. Habitat integrity was evaluated using the USEPA rapid bioassessment protocol. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify water quality variation among stream sites. This study revealed deteriorated water quality at discharge points, with significantly higher mean values for turbidity (483.3 ± 193.5 NTU), total suspended solids (TSS) (561.0 ± 460.9 mg/L), and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) (333.6 ± 104.5 mg/L) and with lower dissolved oxygen (DO) record (4.7 ± 1.5 mg/L) compared to upstream sites (p < 0.05). Higher BOD₅, orthophosphate, nitrate, and water temperature were recorded during weekends compared to weekdays. PCA results showed that discharge points were associated with elevated turbidity, TSS, BOD₅, and orthophosphate, which are inversely correlated with DO. Habitat scores classified most discharge points as poor and several downstream sites as marginal, suggesting ecological stress consistent with car-wash effluent impacts. These findings indicate a need for targeted monitoring and regulatory attention to uncontrolled car-wash wastewater discharge.
(© 2026. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declarations. All authors have read, understood, and complied as applicable with the statement on “ethical responsibilities of authors” as found in instructions for authors. Ethics approval: An ethical clearance letter was obtained from Jimma University, Institute of Health IRB office. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
References: J Environ Manage. 2024 Feb;351:119827. (PMID: 38113788)
Heliyon. 2023 Jul 26;9(8):e18685. (PMID: 37554830)
Environ Manage. 2016 Oct;58(4):694-706. (PMID: 27357809)
Heliyon. 2024 Nov 29;10(23):e40778. (PMID: 39698075)
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Feb 25;:. (PMID: 33630265)
Heliyon. 2024 Apr 03;10(7):e29167. (PMID: 38623188)
Heliyon. 2023 Sep 03;9(9):e19764. (PMID: 37809626)
Heliyon. 2021 Mar 24;7(3):e06385. (PMID: 33855229)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Car-wash; Effluent; Jimma city; Pollution; Urban stream; Water quality
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Wastewater)
0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260902 Date Completed: 20260902 Latest Revision: 20260923
Update Code: 20260923
PubMed Central ID: PMC13538205
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-026-15870-5
PMID: 42684497
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Impact of car-wash wastewater discharge on urban streams: a case study from Jimma city, southwestern Ethiopia.
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  Data: Freshwater ecosystems in rapidly urbanizing regions are increasingly threatened by effluent discharges. Car-wash stations are a significant source of pollution, releasing effluents rich in detergents, oils, and organic matter directly into streams. Despite global evidence demonstrating the effects of car-wash effluent on receiving water bodies, it remains overlooked in Ethiopia. This study assessed the impact of car-wash effluent on water quality and habitat condition of urban streams in Jimma city, Ethiopia. The study was conducted at seven car-wash stations in April 2023. Forty-two water samples were collected from upstream, discharge, and downstream sites during weekdays and weekends and analyzed for different physicochemical quality parameters. Habitat integrity was evaluated using the USEPA rapid bioassessment protocol. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify water quality variation among stream sites. This study revealed deteriorated water quality at discharge points, with significantly higher mean values for turbidity (483.3 &#177; 193.5 NTU), total suspended solids (TSS) (561.0 &#177; 460.9&#160;mg/L), and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) (333.6 &#177; 104.5&#160;mg/L) and with lower dissolved oxygen (DO) record (4.7 &#177; 1.5&#160;mg/L) compared to upstream sites (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Higher BOD₅, orthophosphate, nitrate, and water temperature were recorded during weekends compared to weekdays. PCA results showed that discharge points were associated with elevated turbidity, TSS, BOD₅, and orthophosphate, which are inversely correlated with DO. Habitat scores classified most discharge points as poor and several downstream sites as marginal, suggesting ecological stress consistent with car-wash effluent impacts. These findings indicate a need for targeted monitoring and regulatory attention to uncontrolled car-wash wastewater discharge.&lt;br /&gt; (&#169; 2026. The Author(s).)
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  Data: Declarations. All authors have read, understood, and complied as applicable with the statement on “ethical responsibilities of authors” as found in instructions for authors. Ethics approval: An ethical clearance letter was obtained from Jimma University, Institute of Health IRB office. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
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  Data: J Environ Manage. 2024 Feb;351:119827. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2238113788%22&quot;&gt;38113788)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Heliyon. 2023 Jul 26;9(8):e18685. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2237554830%22&quot;&gt;37554830)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Environ Manage. 2016 Oct;58(4):694-706. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2227357809%22&quot;&gt;27357809)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Heliyon. 2024 Nov 29;10(23):e40778. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2239698075%22&quot;&gt;39698075)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Feb 25;:. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2233630265%22&quot;&gt;33630265)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Heliyon. 2024 Apr 03;10(7):e29167. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2238623188%22&quot;&gt;38623188)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Heliyon. 2023 Sep 03;9(9):e19764. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2237809626%22&quot;&gt;37809626)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Heliyon. 2021 Mar 24;7(3):e06385. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2233855229%22&quot;&gt;33855229)&lt;/searchLink&gt;
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        Text: English
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        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Impact of car-wash wastewater discharge on urban streams: a case study from Jimma city, southwestern Ethiopia.
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