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Formation of environmental persistent free radicals in soil of ammunition demolition site: Roles of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and heavy metals.

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Τίτλος: Formation of environmental persistent free radicals in soil of ammunition demolition site: Roles of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and heavy metals.
Συγγραφείς: Zhang H; Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Emerging Pollutants, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China., Zhao S; State Key Laboratory of Chemistry for NBC Hazards Protection, Beijing 102205, China. Electronic address: spzhao@mail.ustc.edu.cn., Zhang H; School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, China., Zhu Y; State Key Laboratory of Chemistry for NBC Hazards Protection, Beijing 102205, China., Nie Y; Center of Free Electron Laser & High Magnetic Field, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China., Liu X; Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Emerging Pollutants, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China. Electronic address: ycx@ustc.edu.cn.
Πηγή: Journal of environmental sciences (China) [J Environ Sci (China)] 2026 Oct; Vol. 168, pp. 302-310. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jan 06.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: IOS Press Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 100967627 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1001-0742 (Print) Linking ISSN: 10010742 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Environ Sci (China) Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: Amsterdam : IOS Press
Original Publication: Beijing : Editorial Dept. of Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 1989-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Trinitrotoluene*/chemistry , Trinitrotoluene*/analysis , Soil Pollutants*/chemistry , Soil Pollutants*/analysis , Metals, Heavy*/chemistry , Metals, Heavy*/analysis , Environmental Monitoring* , Models, Chemical*, Free Radicals/chemistry ; Free Radicals/analysis ; Soil/chemistry
Περίληψη: Environmental Persistent Free Radicals (EPFRs) are a particular type of contaminant present in soil. This study investigated the formation process, environmental behavior, and main influencing variables of EPFRs in soils contaminated with heavy metals and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) from an ammunition demolition site. The results showed that the concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) in the soil was negatively correlated with EPFRs (r = -0.29). In contrast, the content of TNT and copper was significantly positively correlated with EPFRs (r = 0.90 and 0.78, respectively), indicating that TNT acts as a precursor macromolecule in the formation of EPFRs in this type of contaminated soil. Transition metal Cu may be an essential carrier in EPFR production. In order to explore the possible formation mechanism of EPFRs, a simulation experiment was carried out under different temperature and light conditions. The results showed that the photolysis process of TNT was impacted by external energy sources such as heat and light. TNT was firstly adsorbed onto the surface of a transition metal (Cu), and then EPFRs were formed through further electron transfer. This is the first study to detect significant levels of EPFRs in the soil at ammunition demolition sites.
(Copyright © 2026. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT); Ammunition demolition site; Energetic compounds (ECs); Environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs); Soil contamination
Substance Nomenclature: 118-96-7 (Trinitrotoluene)
0 (Soil Pollutants)
0 (Free Radicals)
0 (Metals, Heavy)
0 (Soil)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260901 Date Completed: 20260901 Latest Revision: 20260901
Update Code: 20260902
DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2026.01.001
PMID: 42680387
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Formation of environmental persistent free radicals in soil of ammunition demolition site: Roles of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and heavy metals.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhang+H%22">Zhang H</searchLink>; Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Emerging Pollutants, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhao+S%22">Zhao S</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Chemistry for NBC Hazards Protection, Beijing 102205, China. Electronic address: spzhao@mail.ustc.edu.cn.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhang+H%22">Zhang H</searchLink>; School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhu+Y%22">Zhu Y</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Chemistry for NBC Hazards Protection, Beijing 102205, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nie+Y%22">Nie Y</searchLink>; Center of Free Electron Laser & High Magnetic Field, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Liu+X%22">Liu X</searchLink>; Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Emerging Pollutants, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China. Electronic address: ycx@ustc.edu.cn.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22100967627%22">Journal of environmental sciences (China)</searchLink> [J Environ Sci (China)] 2026 Oct; Vol. 168, pp. 302-310. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Jan 06.
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22IOS+Press%22">IOS Press </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>Netherlands <i>NLM ID: </i>100967627 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1001-0742 (Print) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2210010742%22">10010742 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>J Environ Sci (China) <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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  Data: <i>Publication</i>: Amsterdam : IOS Press<br /><i>Original Publication</i>: Beijing : Editorial Dept. of Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 1989-
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Trinitrotoluene%22">Trinitrotoluene*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Trinitrotoluene+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Trinitrotoluene%22">Trinitrotoluene*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Trinitrotoluene+analysis%22">analysis</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Soil+Pollutants%22">Soil Pollutants*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Soil+Pollutants+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Soil+Pollutants%22">Soil Pollutants*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Soil+Pollutants+analysis%22">analysis</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Metals%2C+Heavy%22">Metals, Heavy*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Metals%2C+Heavy+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Metals%2C+Heavy%22">Metals, Heavy*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Metals%2C+Heavy+analysis%22">analysis</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Environmental+Monitoring%22">Environmental Monitoring*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Models%2C+Chemical%22">Models, Chemical*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Free+Radicals%22">Free Radicals</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Free+Radicals+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Free+Radicals%22">Free Radicals</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Free+Radicals+analysis%22">analysis</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Soil%22">Soil</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Soil+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Environmental Persistent Free Radicals (EPFRs) are a particular type of contaminant present in soil. This study investigated the formation process, environmental behavior, and main influencing variables of EPFRs in soils contaminated with heavy metals and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) from an ammunition demolition site. The results showed that the concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) in the soil was negatively correlated with EPFRs (r = -0.29). In contrast, the content of TNT and copper was significantly positively correlated with EPFRs (r = 0.90 and 0.78, respectively), indicating that TNT acts as a precursor macromolecule in the formation of EPFRs in this type of contaminated soil. Transition metal Cu may be an essential carrier in EPFR production. In order to explore the possible formation mechanism of EPFRs, a simulation experiment was carried out under different temperature and light conditions. The results showed that the photolysis process of TNT was impacted by external energy sources such as heat and light. TNT was firstly adsorbed onto the surface of a transition metal (Cu), and then EPFRs were formed through further electron transfer. This is the first study to detect significant levels of EPFRs in the soil at ammunition demolition sites.<br /> (Copyright © 2026. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
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  Data: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT); Ammunition demolition site; Energetic compounds (ECs); Environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs); Soil contamination
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        Value: 10.1016/j.jes.2026.01.001
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        Text: English
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        StartPage: 302
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      – SubjectFull: Free Radicals chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Free Radicals analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Trinitrotoluene chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Trinitrotoluene analysis
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      – TitleFull: Formation of environmental persistent free radicals in soil of ammunition demolition site: Roles of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and heavy metals.
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