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Scattering properties of Intralipid modeled using dependent scattering theory.

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Τίτλος: Scattering properties of Intralipid modeled using dependent scattering theory.
Συγγραφείς: Attendu X; Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., de Sivry-Houle MP; Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., Shahsavari M; Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., Faber DJ; Scinvivo B.V., Eindhoven, The Netherlands., van der Pol E; Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., van Leeuwen TG; Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Πηγή: Journal of biomedical optics [J Biomed Opt] 2026 Aug; Vol. 31 (8), pp. 085003. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Aug 27.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Published by SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering in cooperation with International Biomedical Optics Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9605853 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1560-2281 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10833668 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Biomed Opt Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Bellingham, WA : Published by SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering in cooperation with International Biomedical Optics Society, c1996-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Soybean Oil*/chemistry , Phospholipids*/chemistry , Fat Emulsions, Intravenous*/chemistry , Scattering, Radiation*, Emulsions/chemistry ; Monte Carlo Method ; Anisotropy ; Phantoms, Imaging ; Light ; Particle Size ; Refractometry ; Computer Simulation
Περίληψη: Significance: Intralipid® is widely used as a liquid optical phantom in biomedical optics, but its scattering properties remain incompletely defined, particularly at high volume fractions where dependent scattering becomes important. A physics-based description of its scattering behavior is needed to support quantitative Monte Carlo simulations, phantom design, and calibration of biophotonic measurement systems.
Aim: We aim to establish a physically grounded model of Intralipid scattering, including the scattering coefficient, reduced scattering coefficient, anisotropy, and phase function. The model covers wavelengths 400 to 1700 nm and particle volume fractions of 0.00227 to 0.227, corresponding to dilutions from 1% v/v of stock Intralipid 20% through undiluted stock Intralipid 20%. It is derived from intrinsic material properties, namely, the particle size distribution and the refractive indices of the lipid particles and aqueous medium.
Approach: We combine full Mie theory for the single-particle scattering response with the multicomponent Percus-Yevick hard-sphere approximation to account for dependent scattering. The model uses recent measurements of the particle size distribution and the refractive-index dispersion of the lipid and aqueous phases. Particular attention is given to the long tail of the particle size distribution, which extends beyond the cutoff of earlier electron-microscopy-based datasets.
Results: Despite its small number fraction, the long tail of the particle size distribution contributes substantially to the scattering coefficient, anisotropy, and phase function, especially at near-infrared wavelengths. The resulting predictions for the scattering coefficient, anisotropy, and reduced scattering coefficient are broadly consistent with established semi-empirical relations for Intralipid in the dependent-scattering regime, although residual wavelength- and concentration-dependent discrepancies remain. The model also provides phase functions across the full studied wavelength and concentration range, for which direct experimental reference data are currently unavailable.
Conclusion: The proposed model links the optical scattering properties of Intralipid to measured material properties while incorporating dependent-scattering effects. Its broad agreement with literature-reported data on IL optical properties supports its use as a physics-based estimate, while the remaining discrepancies highlight the influence of sample variability and the limits of the underlying assumptions. The reported equations and interpolation scripts provide a practical resource for studies requiring internally consistent scattering properties across wavelength and concentration.
(© 2026 The Authors.)
Competing Interests: D.J.F. is employed by Scinvivo B.V. This affiliation is unrelated to the work reported in this manuscript. Scinvivo B.V. provided no funding, materials, data, or other support for this study and had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation of the results, preparation of the manuscript, or decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The authors declare no other relevant financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.
References: J Biomed Opt. 2026 Jan;31(1):015001. (PMID: 41586154)
Appl Opt. 1991 Nov 1;30(31):4507-14. (PMID: 20717241)
Opt Express. 2014 Mar 10;22(5):6086-98. (PMID: 24663943)
J Nanopart Res. 2021 May;23(5):. (PMID: 39381776)
Appl Opt. 2003 Jul 1;42(19):4023-30. (PMID: 12868843)
Lasers Surg Med. 1992;12(5):510-9. (PMID: 1406004)
Opt Lett. 2026 Apr 1;51(7):1943-1946. (PMID: 41920663)
Phys Rep. 2016 May 16;632:1-75. (PMID: 29657355)
Sci Rep. 2026 Apr 14;16(1):. (PMID: 41981093)
Opt Express. 2013 Dec 30;21(26):32450-67. (PMID: 24514839)
Opt Express. 2011 Mar 28;19(7):6131-40. (PMID: 21451637)
J Biomed Opt. 2013 Aug;18(8):85002. (PMID: 23974346)
J Biomed Opt. 2014;19(7):75005. (PMID: 25027000)
J Thromb Haemost. 2018 Jun;16(6):1236-1245. (PMID: 29575716)
Opt Express. 2020 Jul 20;28(15):22962-22977. (PMID: 32752548)
Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007 Oct 1;64(19):2032-6. (PMID: 17893413)
Appl Opt. 2017 Feb 1;56(4):1157-1166. (PMID: 28158129)
J Phys Colloid Chem. 1947 May;51(3):631-6. (PMID: 20238663)
Biomed Opt Express. 2011 Aug 1;2(8):2265-78. (PMID: 21833363)
J Biophotonics. 2025 Mar;18(3):e202400395. (PMID: 39821557)
J Biomed Opt. 2015;20(12):121314. (PMID: 26720868)
J Biomed Opt. 2017 Oct;22(10):1-4. (PMID: 29086543)
Opt Express. 2008 Sep 1;16(18):13637-42. (PMID: 18772974)
Biomed Opt Express. 2014 Jun 04;5(7):2037-53. (PMID: 25071947)
Opt Express. 2008 Apr 14;16(8):5907-25. (PMID: 18542702)
J Clin Pharm Ther. 1993 Apr;18(2):123-31. (PMID: 8458880)
J Biomed Opt. 2020 Jan;25(1):1-11. (PMID: 31920047)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: biophotonics; dependent scattering theory; intralipid; optical phantoms
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Emulsions)
8001-22-7 (Soybean Oil)
0 (soybean oil, phospholipid emulsion)
0 (Phospholipids)
0 (Fat Emulsions, Intravenous)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260828 Date Completed: 20260828 Latest Revision: 20260829
Update Code: 20260829
PubMed Central ID: PMC13521324
DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.31.8.085003
PMID: 42662623
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Scattering properties of Intralipid modeled using dependent scattering theory.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Attendu+X%22">Attendu X</searchLink>; Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22de+Sivry-Houle+MP%22">de Sivry-Houle MP</searchLink>; Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Shahsavari+M%22">Shahsavari M</searchLink>; Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Faber+DJ%22">Faber DJ</searchLink>; Scinvivo B.V., Eindhoven, The Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22van+der+Pol+E%22">van der Pol E</searchLink>; Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22van+Leeuwen+TG%22">van Leeuwen TG</searchLink>; Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%229605853%22">Journal of biomedical optics</searchLink> [J Biomed Opt] 2026 Aug; Vol. 31 (8), pp. 085003. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Aug 27.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Significance: Intralipid<superscript>®</superscript> is widely used as a liquid optical phantom in biomedical optics, but its scattering properties remain incompletely defined, particularly at high volume fractions where dependent scattering becomes important. A physics-based description of its scattering behavior is needed to support quantitative Monte Carlo simulations, phantom design, and calibration of biophotonic measurement systems.<br />Aim: We aim to establish a physically grounded model of Intralipid scattering, including the scattering coefficient, reduced scattering coefficient, anisotropy, and phase function. The model covers wavelengths 400 to 1700 nm and particle volume fractions of 0.00227 to 0.227, corresponding to dilutions from 1% v/v of stock Intralipid 20% through undiluted stock Intralipid 20%. It is derived from intrinsic material properties, namely, the particle size distribution and the refractive indices of the lipid particles and aqueous medium.<br />Approach: We combine full Mie theory for the single-particle scattering response with the multicomponent Percus-Yevick hard-sphere approximation to account for dependent scattering. The model uses recent measurements of the particle size distribution and the refractive-index dispersion of the lipid and aqueous phases. Particular attention is given to the long tail of the particle size distribution, which extends beyond the cutoff of earlier electron-microscopy-based datasets.<br />Results: Despite its small number fraction, the long tail of the particle size distribution contributes substantially to the scattering coefficient, anisotropy, and phase function, especially at near-infrared wavelengths. The resulting predictions for the scattering coefficient, anisotropy, and reduced scattering coefficient are broadly consistent with established semi-empirical relations for Intralipid in the dependent-scattering regime, although residual wavelength- and concentration-dependent discrepancies remain. The model also provides phase functions across the full studied wavelength and concentration range, for which direct experimental reference data are currently unavailable.<br />Conclusion: The proposed model links the optical scattering properties of Intralipid to measured material properties while incorporating dependent-scattering effects. Its broad agreement with literature-reported data on IL optical properties supports its use as a physics-based estimate, while the remaining discrepancies highlight the influence of sample variability and the limits of the underlying assumptions. The reported equations and interpolation scripts provide a practical resource for studies requiring internally consistent scattering properties across wavelength and concentration.<br /> (© 2026 The Authors.)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: D.J.F. is employed by Scinvivo B.V. This affiliation is unrelated to the work reported in this manuscript. Scinvivo B.V. provided no funding, materials, data, or other support for this study and had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation of the results, preparation of the manuscript, or decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The authors declare no other relevant financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: J Biomed Opt. 2026 Jan;31(1):015001. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241586154%22">41586154)</searchLink><br />Appl Opt. 1991 Nov 1;30(31):4507-14. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220717241%22">20717241)</searchLink><br />Opt Express. 2014 Mar 10;22(5):6086-98. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224663943%22">24663943)</searchLink><br />J Nanopart Res. 2021 May;23(5):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239381776%22">39381776)</searchLink><br />Appl Opt. 2003 Jul 1;42(19):4023-30. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212868843%22">12868843)</searchLink><br />Lasers Surg Med. 1992;12(5):510-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%221406004%22">1406004)</searchLink><br />Opt Lett. 2026 Apr 1;51(7):1943-1946. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241920663%22">41920663)</searchLink><br />Phys Rep. 2016 May 16;632:1-75. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229657355%22">29657355)</searchLink><br />Sci Rep. 2026 Apr 14;16(1):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241981093%22">41981093)</searchLink><br />Opt Express. 2013 Dec 30;21(26):32450-67. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224514839%22">24514839)</searchLink><br />Opt Express. 2011 Mar 28;19(7):6131-40. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221451637%22">21451637)</searchLink><br />J Biomed Opt. 2013 Aug;18(8):85002. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223974346%22">23974346)</searchLink><br />J Biomed Opt. 2014;19(7):75005. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225027000%22">25027000)</searchLink><br />J Thromb Haemost. 2018 Jun;16(6):1236-1245. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229575716%22">29575716)</searchLink><br />Opt Express. 2020 Jul 20;28(15):22962-22977. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232752548%22">32752548)</searchLink><br />Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007 Oct 1;64(19):2032-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217893413%22">17893413)</searchLink><br />Appl Opt. 2017 Feb 1;56(4):1157-1166. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228158129%22">28158129)</searchLink><br />J Phys Colloid Chem. 1947 May;51(3):631-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220238663%22">20238663)</searchLink><br />Biomed Opt Express. 2011 Aug 1;2(8):2265-78. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221833363%22">21833363)</searchLink><br />J Biophotonics. 2025 Mar;18(3):e202400395. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239821557%22">39821557)</searchLink><br />J Biomed Opt. 2015;20(12):121314. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226720868%22">26720868)</searchLink><br />J Biomed Opt. 2017 Oct;22(10):1-4. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229086543%22">29086543)</searchLink><br />Opt Express. 2008 Sep 1;16(18):13637-42. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2218772974%22">18772974)</searchLink><br />Biomed Opt Express. 2014 Jun 04;5(7):2037-53. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225071947%22">25071947)</searchLink><br />Opt Express. 2008 Apr 14;16(8):5907-25. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2218542702%22">18542702)</searchLink><br />J Clin Pharm Ther. 1993 Apr;18(2):123-31. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%228458880%22">8458880)</searchLink><br />J Biomed Opt. 2020 Jan;25(1):1-11. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231920047%22">31920047)</searchLink>
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>biophotonics; dependent scattering theory; intralipid; optical phantoms
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Monte Carlo Method
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      – TitleFull: Scattering properties of Intralipid modeled using dependent scattering theory.
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