Academic Journal
Intracranial Electrical Stimulation of the Superior Temporal Gyrus Evokes Rapid Responses in Human Visual Cortex.
| Τίτλος: | Intracranial Electrical Stimulation of the Superior Temporal Gyrus Evokes Rapid Responses in Human Visual Cortex. |
|---|---|
| Συγγραφείς: | Cunningham EC; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA., Brang D; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. |
| Πηγή: | The European journal of neuroscience [Eur J Neurosci] 2026 Sep; Vol. 64 (5), pp. e70660. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: France NLM ID: 8918110 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1460-9568 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0953816X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Eur J Neurosci Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: Original Publication: Oxford, UK : Published on behalf of the European Neuroscience Association by Oxford University Press, c1989- |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Visual Cortex*/physiology , Visual Cortex*/physiopathology , Temporal Lobe*/physiology, Auditory Cortex/physiology ; Humans ; Female ; Male ; Adult ; Electric Stimulation ; Young Adult ; Middle Aged ; Adolescent |
| Περίληψη: | Sounds can alter visual processing even at the earliest stages of the cortical pathway. However, our understanding of how acoustic signals are relayed to visual cortex is limited, particularly with respect to the involvement of different regions of auditory cortex in the most rapid stages of this communication across distinct visual areas. Here, we address this question by examining occipital intracranial responses to direct electrical stimulation of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in 23 patients with epilepsy. Stimulation of mid- and posterior-STG elicited responses in visual cortex as early as 18 ms after onset, with a distribution that favored lateral occipital cortex, lingual gyrus, and anterior calcarine regions near peripheral V1. Early visual cortex (V1/V2) responded most strongly to stimulation over mid-STG, whereas lateral occipital cortex (near V5/hMT+) exhibited the most robust response to posterior STG stimulation. Responses in visual cortex were organized in a manner similar to that of nonhuman primates, with possible evidence for an exception over the occipital pole. These results support theories that human visual responses to sound are inherited in part from auditory cortex and provide insight into routes through which acoustic information may rapidly facilitate processing of visual input. (© 2026 The Author(s). European Journal of Neuroscience published by Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.) |
| References: | J Neurosci. 2007 Oct 24;27(43):11465-72. (PMID: 17959789) Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2004 Jun;4(2):117-26. (PMID: 15460918) Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2014 Oct 5;369(1653):. (PMID: 25180306) Hear Res. 2009 Dec;258(1-2):64-71. (PMID: 19303926) Neuroimage. 2006 May 15;31(1):279-85. (PMID: 16443376) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jul 5;108(27):11262-7. (PMID: 21690410) Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1994 May;92(3):204-14. (PMID: 7514990) Exp Brain Res. 1996 Mar;108(2):273-84. (PMID: 8815035) J Neurophysiol. 2002 Sep;88(3):1433-50. (PMID: 12205164) Brain Res. 2003 Jun 6;974(1-2):43-59. (PMID: 12742623) Brain Struct Funct. 2019 Jan;224(1):111-131. (PMID: 30288557) J Neurosci. 2010 Oct 13;30(41):13609-23. (PMID: 20943902) J Neurosci. 2007 Apr 11;27(15):4120-31. (PMID: 17428990) Neuroimage. 2010 Oct 15;53(1):1-15. (PMID: 20547229) Neuroimage. 2016 Jul 1;134:630-644. (PMID: 27107468) Nat Neurosci. 2023 Apr;26(4):537-541. (PMID: 36894655) PLoS Comput Biol. 2021 Sep 2;17(9):e1008710. (PMID: 34473701) Hear Res. 2009 Dec;258(1-2):28-36. (PMID: 19410641) Hum Brain Mapp. 2019 Aug 15;40(12):3475-3487. (PMID: 31081195) Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2002 Jun;14(1):115-28. (PMID: 12063135) Eur J Neurosci. 2026 Sep;64(5):e70660. (PMID: 42660848) BMC Neurosci. 2008 Aug 12;9:79. (PMID: 18699988) Neuron. 2009 Nov 12;64(3):419-30. (PMID: 19914189) Curr Biol. 2020 Aug 3;30(15):3039-3044.e2. (PMID: 32559449) J Neurophysiol. 2022 Jun 1;127(6):1547-1563. (PMID: 35507478) J Cogn Neurosci. 2019 Jul;31(7):1002-1017. (PMID: 30912728) Cereb Cortex. 2006 Sep;16(9):1361-75. (PMID: 16292001) Clin Neurophysiol. 2015 Apr;126(4):682-8. (PMID: 25190148) Curr Biol. 2012 May 8;22(9):807-13. (PMID: 22503499) Curr Biol. 2010 Nov 9;20(21):1900-6. (PMID: 20970337) J Neurophysiol. 1996 Aug;76(2):1246-66. (PMID: 8871234) J Neurosci. 2009 Oct 28;29(43):13613-20. (PMID: 19864573) Cortex. 2020 May;126:253-264. (PMID: 32092494) Hear Res. 2014 Jan;307:144-52. (PMID: 23856236) Seizure. 2017 Jan;44:27-36. (PMID: 27939100) Neuron. 2010 Jan 28;65(2):270-9. (PMID: 20152132) J Neurosci. 2002 Jul 1;22(13):5749-59. (PMID: 12097528) Nature. 2000 Oct 19;407(6806):906-8. (PMID: 11057669) Exp Brain Res. 2002 Dec;147(3):332-43. (PMID: 12428141) J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2000 Oct;26(5):1583-90. (PMID: 11039486) Nat Commun. 2025 Apr 16;16(1):3627. (PMID: 40240330) Nature. 2000 Dec 14;408(6814):788. (PMID: 11130706) Brain Res. 2002 Sep 13;949(1-2):23-31. (PMID: 12213296) J Neurosci. 2023 Jun 14;43(24):4434-4447. (PMID: 37188514) Neuroimage. 2013 Oct 1;79:19-29. (PMID: 23624493) Front Neuroanat. 2011 Jun 22;5:35. (PMID: 21734867) J Neurosci. 2021 Mar 17;41(11):2393-2405. (PMID: 33514674) Brain. 2004 Oct;127(Pt 10):2316-30. (PMID: 15269116) J Neurosci. 2011 May 25;31(21):7729-36. (PMID: 21613485) Hum Brain Mapp. 2014 Sep;35(9):4345-61. (PMID: 24615889) PLoS One. 2013 Apr 30;8(4):e63198. (PMID: 23646195) J Neurophysiol. 2015 Nov;114(5):3023-8. (PMID: 26334017) Curr Biol. 2009 Nov 17;19(21):1799-805. (PMID: 19836243) Exp Brain Res. 2011 Sep;213(2-3):299-308. (PMID: 21573953) J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2022 Nov;48(11):1153-1171. (PMID: 36048063) Nature. 2016 Aug 11;536(7615):171-178. (PMID: 27437579) Int J Psychophysiol. 2003 Oct;50(1-2):19-26. (PMID: 14511833) J Cogn Neurosci. 1999 Sep;11(5):473-90. (PMID: 10511637) Hum Brain Mapp. 2012 Dec;33(12):2856-72. (PMID: 21928311) J Neurophysiol. 2007 Jul;98(1):545-9. (PMID: 17475717) Neuron. 2015 Jan 21;85(2):390-401. (PMID: 25556836) Neuroimage. 2018 Nov 1;181:414-429. (PMID: 30025851) Eur J Neurosci. 2010 May;31(10):1772-82. (PMID: 20584181) Brain. 1991 Feb;114 ( Pt 1A):139-51. (PMID: 1900211) |
| Grant Information: | R01 DC020717 United States DC NIDCD NIH HHS; DC020717 United States NH NIH HHS |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: auditory cortex; electrical stimulation; intracranial recordings; visual cortex |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260827 Date Completed: 20260827 Latest Revision: 20260905 |
| Update Code: | 20260905 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC13521809 |
| DOI: | 10.1111/ejn.70660 |
| PMID: | 42660848 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Intracranial Electrical Stimulation of the Superior Temporal Gyrus Evokes Rapid Responses in Human Visual Cortex. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cunningham+EC%22">Cunningham EC</searchLink>; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Brang+D%22">Brang D</searchLink>; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%228918110%22">The European journal of neuroscience</searchLink> [Eur J Neurosci] 2026 Sep; Vol. 64 (5), pp. e70660. – Name: TypePub Label: Publication Type Group: TypPub Data: Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural – Name: Language Label: Language Group: Lang Data: English – Name: TitleSource Label: Journal Info Group: Src Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Wiley-Blackwell%22">Wiley-Blackwell </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>France <i>NLM ID: </i>8918110 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1460-9568 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%220953816X%22">0953816X </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Eur J Neurosci <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE – Name: PublisherInfo Label: Imprint Name(s) Group: PubInfo Data: <i>Publication</i>: <Feb. 2006-> : Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell<br /><i>Original Publication</i>: Oxford, UK : Published on behalf of the European Neuroscience Association by Oxford University Press, c1989- – Name: SubjectMESH Label: MeSH Terms Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Visual+Cortex%22">Visual Cortex*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Visual+Cortex+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Visual+Cortex%22">Visual Cortex*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Visual+Cortex+physiopathology%22">physiopathology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Temporal+Lobe%22">Temporal Lobe*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Temporal+Lobe+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Auditory+Cortex%22">Auditory Cortex</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Auditory+Cortex+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Female%22">Female</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Male%22">Male</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Adult%22">Adult</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Electric+Stimulation%22">Electric Stimulation</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Young+Adult%22">Young Adult</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Middle+Aged%22">Middle Aged</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Adolescent%22">Adolescent</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Sounds can alter visual processing even at the earliest stages of the cortical pathway. However, our understanding of how acoustic signals are relayed to visual cortex is limited, particularly with respect to the involvement of different regions of auditory cortex in the most rapid stages of this communication across distinct visual areas. Here, we address this question by examining occipital intracranial responses to direct electrical stimulation of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in 23 patients with epilepsy. Stimulation of mid- and posterior-STG elicited responses in visual cortex as early as 18 ms after onset, with a distribution that favored lateral occipital cortex, lingual gyrus, and anterior calcarine regions near peripheral V1. Early visual cortex (V1/V2) responded most strongly to stimulation over mid-STG, whereas lateral occipital cortex (near V5/hMT+) exhibited the most robust response to posterior STG stimulation. Responses in visual cortex were organized in a manner similar to that of nonhuman primates, with possible evidence for an exception over the occipital pole. These results support theories that human visual responses to sound are inherited in part from auditory cortex and provide insight into routes through which acoustic information may rapidly facilitate processing of visual input.<br /> (© 2026 The Author(s). European Journal of Neuroscience published by Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.) – Name: Ref Label: References Group: RefInfo Data: J Neurosci. 2007 Oct 24;27(43):11465-72. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217959789%22">17959789)</searchLink><br />Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2004 Jun;4(2):117-26. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215460918%22">15460918)</searchLink><br />Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2014 Oct 5;369(1653):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225180306%22">25180306)</searchLink><br />Hear Res. 2009 Dec;258(1-2):64-71. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219303926%22">19303926)</searchLink><br />Neuroimage. 2006 May 15;31(1):279-85. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216443376%22">16443376)</searchLink><br />Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jul 5;108(27):11262-7. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221690410%22">21690410)</searchLink><br />Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1994 May;92(3):204-14. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%227514990%22">7514990)</searchLink><br />Exp Brain Res. 1996 Mar;108(2):273-84. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%228815035%22">8815035)</searchLink><br />J Neurophysiol. 2002 Sep;88(3):1433-50. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212205164%22">12205164)</searchLink><br />Brain Res. 2003 Jun 6;974(1-2):43-59. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212742623%22">12742623)</searchLink><br />Brain Struct Funct. 2019 Jan;224(1):111-131. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230288557%22">30288557)</searchLink><br />J Neurosci. 2010 Oct 13;30(41):13609-23. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220943902%22">20943902)</searchLink><br />J Neurosci. 2007 Apr 11;27(15):4120-31. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217428990%22">17428990)</searchLink><br />Neuroimage. 2010 Oct 15;53(1):1-15. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220547229%22">20547229)</searchLink><br />Neuroimage. 2016 Jul 1;134:630-644. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227107468%22">27107468)</searchLink><br />Nat Neurosci. 2023 Apr;26(4):537-541. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236894655%22">36894655)</searchLink><br />PLoS Comput Biol. 2021 Sep 2;17(9):e1008710. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234473701%22">34473701)</searchLink><br />Hear Res. 2009 Dec;258(1-2):28-36. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219410641%22">19410641)</searchLink><br />Hum Brain Mapp. 2019 Aug 15;40(12):3475-3487. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231081195%22">31081195)</searchLink><br />Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2002 Jun;14(1):115-28. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212063135%22">12063135)</searchLink><br />Eur J Neurosci. 2026 Sep;64(5):e70660. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2242660848%22">42660848)</searchLink><br />BMC Neurosci. 2008 Aug 12;9:79. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2218699988%22">18699988)</searchLink><br />Neuron. 2009 Nov 12;64(3):419-30. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219914189%22">19914189)</searchLink><br />Curr Biol. 2020 Aug 3;30(15):3039-3044.e2. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232559449%22">32559449)</searchLink><br />J Neurophysiol. 2022 Jun 1;127(6):1547-1563. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235507478%22">35507478)</searchLink><br />J Cogn Neurosci. 2019 Jul;31(7):1002-1017. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230912728%22">30912728)</searchLink><br />Cereb Cortex. 2006 Sep;16(9):1361-75. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216292001%22">16292001)</searchLink><br />Clin Neurophysiol. 2015 Apr;126(4):682-8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225190148%22">25190148)</searchLink><br />Curr Biol. 2012 May 8;22(9):807-13. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222503499%22">22503499)</searchLink><br />Curr Biol. 2010 Nov 9;20(21):1900-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220970337%22">20970337)</searchLink><br />J Neurophysiol. 1996 Aug;76(2):1246-66. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%228871234%22">8871234)</searchLink><br />J Neurosci. 2009 Oct 28;29(43):13613-20. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219864573%22">19864573)</searchLink><br />Cortex. 2020 May;126:253-264. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232092494%22">32092494)</searchLink><br />Hear Res. 2014 Jan;307:144-52. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223856236%22">23856236)</searchLink><br />Seizure. 2017 Jan;44:27-36. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227939100%22">27939100)</searchLink><br />Neuron. 2010 Jan 28;65(2):270-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220152132%22">20152132)</searchLink><br />J Neurosci. 2002 Jul 1;22(13):5749-59. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212097528%22">12097528)</searchLink><br />Nature. 2000 Oct 19;407(6806):906-8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2211057669%22">11057669)</searchLink><br />Exp Brain Res. 2002 Dec;147(3):332-43. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212428141%22">12428141)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2000 Oct;26(5):1583-90. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2211039486%22">11039486)</searchLink><br />Nat Commun. 2025 Apr 16;16(1):3627. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240240330%22">40240330)</searchLink><br />Nature. 2000 Dec 14;408(6814):788. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2211130706%22">11130706)</searchLink><br />Brain Res. 2002 Sep 13;949(1-2):23-31. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212213296%22">12213296)</searchLink><br />J Neurosci. 2023 Jun 14;43(24):4434-4447. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237188514%22">37188514)</searchLink><br />Neuroimage. 2013 Oct 1;79:19-29. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223624493%22">23624493)</searchLink><br />Front Neuroanat. 2011 Jun 22;5:35. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221734867%22">21734867)</searchLink><br />J Neurosci. 2021 Mar 17;41(11):2393-2405. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233514674%22">33514674)</searchLink><br />Brain. 2004 Oct;127(Pt 10):2316-30. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215269116%22">15269116)</searchLink><br />J Neurosci. 2011 May 25;31(21):7729-36. 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(PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%221900211%22">1900211)</searchLink> – Name: GrantInfo Label: Grant Information Group: Grant Data: R01 DC020717 United States DC NIDCD NIH HHS; DC020717 United States NH NIH HHS – Name: SubjectMinor Label: Contributed Indexing Group: Data: <i>Keywords: </i>auditory cortex; electrical stimulation; intracranial recordings; visual cortex – Name: DateEntry Label: Entry Date(s) Group: Date Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260827 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260827 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260905 – Name: DateUpdate Label: Update Code Group: Date Data: 20260905 – Name: PubmedCentralID Label: PubMed Central ID Group: ID Data: PMC13521809 – Name: DOI Label: DOI Group: ID Data: 10.1111/ejn.70660 – Name: AN Label: PMID Group: ID Data: 42660848 |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1111/ejn.70660 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: StartPage: e70660 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Auditory Cortex physiology Type: general – SubjectFull: Humans Type: general – SubjectFull: Female Type: general – SubjectFull: Male Type: general – SubjectFull: Adult Type: general – SubjectFull: Electric Stimulation Type: general – SubjectFull: Young Adult Type: general – SubjectFull: Middle Aged Type: general – SubjectFull: Adolescent Type: general – SubjectFull: Visual Cortex physiology Type: general – SubjectFull: Visual Cortex physiopathology Type: general – SubjectFull: Temporal Lobe physiology Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Intracranial Electrical Stimulation of the Superior Temporal Gyrus Evokes Rapid Responses in Human Visual Cortex. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Cunningham EC – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Brang D IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 09 Text: 2026 Sep Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-electronic Value: 1460-9568 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 64 – Type: issue Value: 5 Titles: – TitleFull: The European journal of neuroscience Type: main |
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