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Antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of immobilized hydrogen on pathogenic oral bacteria.

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Title: Antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of immobilized hydrogen on pathogenic oral bacteria.
Authors: Sato K; Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan., Akizuki M; Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan., Enggardipta RA; Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan.; Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia., Kido R; Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan., Inagaki Y; Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan., Sumitomo T; Department of Oral Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan., Nambu K; Acche Corporation, Tokyo, 105-0001, Japan., Yumoto H; Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan.
Source: Journal of applied microbiology [J Appl Microbiol] 2026 Sep 02; Vol. 137 (9).
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Oxford University Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9706280 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1365-2672 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 13645072 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Appl Microbiol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: 2022- : Oxford : Oxford University Press
Original Publication: Oxford : Published for the Society for Applied Bacteriology by Blackwell Science, c1997-
MeSH Terms: Biofilms*/drug effects , Hydrogen*/pharmacology , Hydrogen*/chemistry , Enterococcus faecalis*/drug effects , Enterococcus faecalis*/genetics , Enterococcus faecalis*/physiology , Streptococcus mutans*/drug effects , Streptococcus mutans*/genetics , Streptococcus mutans*/physiology , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/pharmacology , Porphyromonas gingivalis*/drug effects , Porphyromonas gingivalis*/genetics , Porphyromonas gingivalis*/physiology , Mouth*/microbiology, Calcium Carbonate/pharmacology ; Calcium Carbonate/chemistry ; Humans ; Animals
Abstract: Aims: Hydrogen, a colorless and odorless gas, possesses various physiological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-apoptotic effects. Clinical applications of hydrogen have been investigated in the medical field. However, few studies have focused on hydrogen use in dentistry and its clinical applications have not yet progressed. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacies of hydrogen-loaded coral calcium carbonate powder (immobilized hydrogen) against pathogenic oral bacteria.
Methods and Results: Three immobilized hydrogen suspensions (TU-A, -B, and -C) and three pathogenic oral bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis) were used. The direct and indirect antibacterial effects of immobilized hydrogen were evaluated by counting the colony-forming units. The biofilm-related gene expression levels in E. faecalis were analyzed using real-time RT-PCR. The antibacterial activity of the bacteria in the biofilm was observed under a fluorescence microscope after live/dead staining. All immobilized hydrogen suspensions significantly reduced the survival rates of the three oral bacteria, significantly increased the proportion of dead bacteria in the biofilm, and significantly decreased the biofilm-related gene expression levels in E. faecalis.
Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of immobilized hydrogen as a novel antibacterial material, owing to its antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against pathogenic oral bacteria.
(© The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Applied Microbiology International.)
Grant Information: Acche Corporation
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Enterococcus faecalis, calcium carbonate; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Streptococcus mutans; antibacterial; antibiofilm; hydrogen
Substance Nomenclature: 7YNJ3PO35Z (Hydrogen)
0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents)
H0G9379FGK (Calcium Carbonate)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260827 Date Completed: 20260908 Latest Revision: 20260909
Update Code: 20260909
DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxag209
PMID: 42658185
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: Antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of immobilized hydrogen on pathogenic oral bacteria.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sato+K%22">Sato K</searchLink>; Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Akizuki+M%22">Akizuki M</searchLink>; Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Enggardipta+RA%22">Enggardipta RA</searchLink>; Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan.; Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kido+R%22">Kido R</searchLink>; Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Inagaki+Y%22">Inagaki Y</searchLink>; Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sumitomo+T%22">Sumitomo T</searchLink>; Department of Oral Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nambu+K%22">Nambu K</searchLink>; Acche Corporation, Tokyo, 105-0001, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yumoto+H%22">Yumoto H</searchLink>; Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%229706280%22">Journal of applied microbiology</searchLink> [J Appl Microbiol] 2026 Sep 02; Vol. 137 (9).
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Oxford+University+Press%22">Oxford University Press </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>England <i>NLM ID: </i>9706280 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1365-2672 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2213645072%22">13645072 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>J Appl Microbiol <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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  Data: <i>Publication</i>: 2022- : Oxford : Oxford University Press<br /><i>Original Publication</i>: Oxford : Published for the Society for Applied Bacteriology by Blackwell Science, c1997-
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Biofilms%22">Biofilms*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Biofilms+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Hydrogen%22">Hydrogen*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Hydrogen+pharmacology%22">pharmacology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Hydrogen%22">Hydrogen*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Hydrogen+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Enterococcus+faecalis%22">Enterococcus faecalis*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Enterococcus+faecalis+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Enterococcus+faecalis%22">Enterococcus faecalis*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Enterococcus+faecalis+genetics%22">genetics</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Enterococcus+faecalis%22">Enterococcus faecalis*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Enterococcus+faecalis+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Streptococcus+mutans%22">Streptococcus mutans*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Streptococcus+mutans+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Streptococcus+mutans%22">Streptococcus mutans*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Streptococcus+mutans+genetics%22">genetics</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Streptococcus+mutans%22">Streptococcus mutans*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Streptococcus+mutans+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Anti-Bacterial+Agents%22">Anti-Bacterial Agents*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Anti-Bacterial+Agents+pharmacology%22">pharmacology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Porphyromonas+gingivalis%22">Porphyromonas gingivalis*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Porphyromonas+gingivalis+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Porphyromonas+gingivalis%22">Porphyromonas gingivalis*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Porphyromonas+gingivalis+genetics%22">genetics</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Porphyromonas+gingivalis%22">Porphyromonas gingivalis*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Porphyromonas+gingivalis+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Mouth%22">Mouth*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Mouth+microbiology%22">microbiology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Calcium+Carbonate%22">Calcium Carbonate</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Calcium+Carbonate+pharmacology%22">pharmacology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Calcium+Carbonate%22">Calcium Carbonate</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Calcium+Carbonate+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Animals%22">Animals</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Aims: Hydrogen, a colorless and odorless gas, possesses various physiological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-apoptotic effects. Clinical applications of hydrogen have been investigated in the medical field. However, few studies have focused on hydrogen use in dentistry and its clinical applications have not yet progressed. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacies of hydrogen-loaded coral calcium carbonate powder (immobilized hydrogen) against pathogenic oral bacteria.<br />Methods and Results: Three immobilized hydrogen suspensions (TU-A, -B, and -C) and three pathogenic oral bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis) were used. The direct and indirect antibacterial effects of immobilized hydrogen were evaluated by counting the colony-forming units. The biofilm-related gene expression levels in E. faecalis were analyzed using real-time RT-PCR. The antibacterial activity of the bacteria in the biofilm was observed under a fluorescence microscope after live/dead staining. All immobilized hydrogen suspensions significantly reduced the survival rates of the three oral bacteria, significantly increased the proportion of dead bacteria in the biofilm, and significantly decreased the biofilm-related gene expression levels in E. faecalis.<br />Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of immobilized hydrogen as a novel antibacterial material, owing to its antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against pathogenic oral bacteria.<br /> (© The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Applied Microbiology International.)
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  Data: Acche Corporation
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Enterococcus faecalis, calcium carbonate; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Streptococcus mutans; antibacterial; antibiofilm; hydrogen
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  Data: 7YNJ3PO35Z (Hydrogen)<br />0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents)<br />H0G9379FGK (Calcium Carbonate)
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        Value: 10.1093/jambio/lxag209
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Calcium Carbonate pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Calcium Carbonate chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Humans
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      – TitleFull: Antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of immobilized hydrogen on pathogenic oral bacteria.
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              Text: 2026 Sep 02
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