Academic Journal
View in EDS

The Right to Be Counted: Unmasking First Nations and Métis Population Undercounts in Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Bibliographic Details
Title: The Right to Be Counted: Unmasking First Nations and Métis Population Undercounts in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
Authors: Avery L; University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada., Snyder M; Meeting Ground Consulting, Wasaga Beach, ON L9Z 1J8, Canada., Cyr M; Aboriginal Health & Wellness Centre, 81 Higgins Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3B 3G1, Canada., Herrera D; Aboriginal Health & Wellness Centre, 81 Higgins Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3B 3G1, Canada., Star L; First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba, 74-360 Kernaghan Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2C 5G1, Canada., Sinclair S; First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba, 74-360 Kernaghan Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2C 5G1, Canada., Smylie J; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.; Well Living House, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1X3, Canada.; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada., Rotondi M; School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
Source: International journal of environmental research and public health [Int J Environ Res Public Health] 2026 Aug 04; Vol. 23 (8). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Aug 04.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101238455 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1660-4601 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 16604601 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Environ Res Public Health Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Basel : MDPI, c2004-
MeSH Terms: Indians, North American*/statistics & numerical data , Inuit*/statistics & numerical data, Urban Population/statistics & numerical data ; Manitoba ; Humans ; Censuses
Abstract: Background: Evidence of systematic under-counting of First Nations, Inuit, and Métis (FNIM) populations living in urban centres in Canada has been documented for the previous three census rounds (2012, 2016, 2021). Methods: In partnership with Aboriginal Health and Wellness Centre of Winnipeg, Inc. and the First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba, a respondent-driven sampling survey of First Nations and Métis peoples living in Winnipeg was conducted and the population living in Winnipeg was estimated using the multiplier method in conjunction with participants' responses to census participation. Results: We estimated a population of 300,000 (95% CI 248,000 to 379,000) First Nations and Métis people living in Winnipeg, three times higher than the 2021 Census count of 90,535. Interpretation: The Canadian census continues to systematically undercount Indigenous peoples living in urban centres. Improving the accuracy and precision of Indigenous population enumeration is required for equitable health services funding and delivery. Partnerships with FNIM governing and health service organizations, addition of Indigenous identity to the short form-census participation and coverage, and improved collection methods for people living in collective dwellings or experiencing housing insecurity are recommended.
References: BMJ. 2022 Jul 8;378:o1688. (PMID: 35803599)
J Am Stat Assoc. 2018;113(522):755-766. (PMID: 30828120)
Demography. 2013 Oct;50(5):1897-919. (PMID: 23658069)
Can J Public Health. 2018 Dec;109(5-6):662-670. (PMID: 30302729)
Sex Transm Dis. 2013 Apr;40(4):304-10. (PMID: 23486495)
Science. 2025 Aug 7;389(6760):eaea0932. (PMID: 40773535)
Science. 2025 Jun 19;388(6753):1277-1280. (PMID: 40536961)
J Clin Epidemiol. 2026 Jan;189:112048. (PMID: 41224136)
Lancet Reg Health Am. 2025 Dec 12;54:101335. (PMID: 41492414)
J Clin Epidemiol. 2015 Dec;68(12):1463-71. (PMID: 26112433)
Can J Public Health. 2024 Nov;115(Suppl 2):209-226. (PMID: 39476314)
BMJ Open. 2017 Dec 26;7(12):e018936. (PMID: 29282272)
Grant Information: 410211 Canada CAPMC CIHR; Advancing Generative Health Services for Indigenous Populations in Canada Canada Research Chairs; Applied Public Health Chairs Program Public Health Agency of Canada
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: census; indigenous health; population enumeration
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260827 Date Completed: 20260827 Latest Revision: 20260831
Update Code: 20260901
PubMed Central ID: PMC13512762
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph23081017
PMID: 42652332
Database: MEDLINE
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
CustomLinks:
  – Url: https://resolver.ebsco.com/c/fiv2js/result?sid=EBSCO:cmedm&genre=article&issn=16604601&ISBN=&volume=23&issue=8&date=20260804&spage=&pages=&title=International journal of environmental research and public health&atitle=The%20Right%20to%20Be%20Counted%3A%20Unmasking%20First%20Nations%20and%20M%C3%A9tis%20Population%20Undercounts%20in%20Winnipeg%2C%20Manitoba.&aulast=Avery%20L&id=DOI:10.3390/ijerph23081017
    Name: Full Text Finder (for New FTF UI) (ns324271)
    Category: fullText
    Text: Full Text Finder
    MouseOverText: Full Text Finder
Header DbId: cmedm
DbLabel: MEDLINE
An: 42652332
AccessLevel: 3
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: The Right to Be Counted: Unmasking First Nations and Métis Population Undercounts in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Avery+L%22">Avery L</searchLink>; University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Snyder+M%22">Snyder M</searchLink>; Meeting Ground Consulting, Wasaga Beach, ON L9Z 1J8, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cyr+M%22">Cyr M</searchLink>; Aboriginal Health & Wellness Centre, 81 Higgins Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3B 3G1, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Herrera+D%22">Herrera D</searchLink>; Aboriginal Health & Wellness Centre, 81 Higgins Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3B 3G1, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Star+L%22">Star L</searchLink>; First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba, 74-360 Kernaghan Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2C 5G1, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sinclair+S%22">Sinclair S</searchLink>; First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba, 74-360 Kernaghan Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2C 5G1, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Smylie+J%22">Smylie J</searchLink>; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.; Well Living House, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1X3, Canada.; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Rotondi+M%22">Rotondi M</searchLink>; School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22101238455%22">International journal of environmental research and public health</searchLink> [Int J Environ Res Public Health] 2026 Aug 04; Vol. 23 (8). <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Aug 04.
– Name: TypePub
  Label: Publication Type
  Group: TypPub
  Data: Journal Article
– Name: Language
  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Journal Info
  Group: Src
  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22MDPI%22">MDPI </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>Switzerland <i>NLM ID: </i>101238455 <i>Publication Model: </i>Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1660-4601 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2216604601%22">16604601 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Int J Environ Res Public Health <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
– Name: PublisherInfo
  Label: Imprint Name(s)
  Group: PubInfo
  Data: <i>Original Publication</i>: Basel : MDPI, c2004-
– Name: SubjectMESH
  Label: MeSH Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Indians%2C+North+American%22">Indians, North American*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Indians%2C+North+American+statistics+%26+numerical+data%22">statistics & numerical data</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Inuit%22">Inuit*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Inuit+statistics+%26+numerical+data%22">statistics & numerical data</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Urban+Population%22">Urban Population</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Urban+Population+statistics+%26+numerical+data%22">statistics & numerical data</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Manitoba%22">Manitoba</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Censuses%22">Censuses</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Background: Evidence of systematic under-counting of First Nations, Inuit, and Métis (FNIM) populations living in urban centres in Canada has been documented for the previous three census rounds (2012, 2016, 2021). Methods: In partnership with Aboriginal Health and Wellness Centre of Winnipeg, Inc. and the First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba, a respondent-driven sampling survey of First Nations and Métis peoples living in Winnipeg was conducted and the population living in Winnipeg was estimated using the multiplier method in conjunction with participants' responses to census participation. Results: We estimated a population of 300,000 (95% CI 248,000 to 379,000) First Nations and Métis people living in Winnipeg, three times higher than the 2021 Census count of 90,535. Interpretation: The Canadian census continues to systematically undercount Indigenous peoples living in urban centres. Improving the accuracy and precision of Indigenous population enumeration is required for equitable health services funding and delivery. Partnerships with FNIM governing and health service organizations, addition of Indigenous identity to the short form-census participation and coverage, and improved collection methods for people living in collective dwellings or experiencing housing insecurity are recommended.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: BMJ. 2022 Jul 8;378:o1688. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235803599%22">35803599)</searchLink><br />J Am Stat Assoc. 2018;113(522):755-766. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230828120%22">30828120)</searchLink><br />Demography. 2013 Oct;50(5):1897-919. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223658069%22">23658069)</searchLink><br />Can J Public Health. 2018 Dec;109(5-6):662-670. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230302729%22">30302729)</searchLink><br />Sex Transm Dis. 2013 Apr;40(4):304-10. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223486495%22">23486495)</searchLink><br />Science. 2025 Aug 7;389(6760):eaea0932. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240773535%22">40773535)</searchLink><br />Science. 2025 Jun 19;388(6753):1277-1280. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240536961%22">40536961)</searchLink><br />J Clin Epidemiol. 2026 Jan;189:112048. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241224136%22">41224136)</searchLink><br />Lancet Reg Health Am. 2025 Dec 12;54:101335. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241492414%22">41492414)</searchLink><br />J Clin Epidemiol. 2015 Dec;68(12):1463-71. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226112433%22">26112433)</searchLink><br />Can J Public Health. 2024 Nov;115(Suppl 2):209-226. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239476314%22">39476314)</searchLink><br />BMJ Open. 2017 Dec 26;7(12):e018936. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229282272%22">29282272)</searchLink>
– Name: GrantInfo
  Label: Grant Information
  Group: Grant
  Data: 410211 Canada CAPMC CIHR; Advancing Generative Health Services for Indigenous Populations in Canada Canada Research Chairs; Applied Public Health Chairs Program Public Health Agency of Canada
– Name: SubjectMinor
  Label: Contributed Indexing
  Group:
  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>census; indigenous health; population enumeration
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date(s)
  Group: Date
  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260827 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260827 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260831
– Name: DateUpdate
  Label: Update Code
  Group: Date
  Data: 20260901
– Name: PubmedCentralID
  Label: PubMed Central ID
  Group: ID
  Data: PMC13512762
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.3390/ijerph23081017
– Name: AN
  Label: PMID
  Group: ID
  Data: 42652332
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42652332
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/ijerph23081017
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Urban Population statistics & numerical data
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Manitoba
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Humans
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Censuses
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Indians, North American statistics & numerical data
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Inuit statistics & numerical data
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: The Right to Be Counted: Unmasking First Nations and Métis Population Undercounts in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Avery L
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Snyder M
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Cyr M
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Herrera D
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Star L
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Sinclair S
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Smylie J
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Rotondi M
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 04
              M: 08
              Text: 2026 Aug 04
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1660-4601
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 23
            – Type: issue
              Value: 8
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: International journal of environmental research and public health
              Type: main
ResultId 1