Academic Journal
Carbon Nanotube-Based Biosensors for Non-Invasive Biofluid Analysis.
| Τίτλος: | Carbon Nanotube-Based Biosensors for Non-Invasive Biofluid Analysis. |
|---|---|
| Συγγραφείς: | Dutta S; Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA., Mulchandani A; Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. |
| Πηγή: | Biosensors [Biosensors (Basel)] 2026 Aug 07; Vol. 16 (8). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Aug 07. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article; Review |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: MDPI Pub Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101609191 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2079-6374 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20796374 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Biosensors (Basel) Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : MDPI Pub. |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Body Fluids*/chemistry , Biosensing Techniques* , Nanotubes, Carbon*, Biomarkers/analysis ; Sweat/chemistry ; Humans |
| Περίληψη: | Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based biosensors have emerged as promising platforms for non-invasive biofluid analysis because of their high electrical conductivity, large surface area, tunable optical properties, and versatile surface chemistry, enabling miniaturized, flexible sensing devices. Sweat, saliva, tears, and urine are increasingly recognized as attractive alternatives to blood for point-of-care diagnostics because they enable repeated, non-invasive sampling while containing clinically relevant metabolites, electrolytes, proteins, hormones, nucleic acids, pathogens, and other biomarkers. However, the low abundance of many analytes, matrix complexity, biofouling, and biofluid-specific variability present significant analytical challenges. This review critically examines the different CNT-based sensor architectures, and their recent advances in non-invasive analysis of sweat, saliva, tears, and urine. It integrates sensor architecture, biofluid-specific analytical challenges, sample-validation level, and translational readiness within a single comparative framework. Representative applications are discussed for metabolic monitoring, renal health assessment, infectious disease testing, and other clinically relevant uses. Beyond clinical diagnostics, emerging non-clinical applications, including drug-of-abuse detection, forensic body-fluid identification, and occupational or environmental exposure assessment, are also highlighted. Finally, we discuss key barriers limiting real-world translation of CNT biosensors, including material reproducibility issues, biofouling, physiological interpretation of biofluid biomarkers, scalable manufacturing, and long-term operational stability, and outline future strategies to advance these platforms toward robust, reliable, and widely deployable biosensing technologies. |
| References: | Microbiology (Reading). 2020 Jan;166(1):30-33. (PMID: 31597590) J Periodontal Res. 2023 Dec;58(6):1272-1280. (PMID: 37787434) Clin Chim Acta. 2026 Feb 15;582:120809. (PMID: 41455597) ACS Nano. 2010 Jun 22;4(6):3181-6. (PMID: 20481456) Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif). 2019 Jun 12;12(1):1-22. (PMID: 30786214) Nat Commun. 2016 Jan 08;7:10241. (PMID: 26742890) ACS Sens. 2018 Feb 23;3(2):367-377. (PMID: 29359558) Sens Actuators B Chem. 2021 Apr 1;332:. (PMID: 33542590) Biosensors (Basel). 2026 Feb 09;16(2):. (PMID: 41744730) ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2024 Jan 10;16(1):1351-1360. (PMID: 38150673) Eur Heart J. 2023 Apr 1;44(13):1112-1123. (PMID: 36477861) Nat Biotechnol. 2019 Apr;37(4):389-406. (PMID: 30804534) Biotechnol Adv. 2011 Mar-Apr;29(2):169-88. (PMID: 21034805) Sci Rep. 2020 May 19;10(1):8254. (PMID: 32427894) Nutrients. 2020 Jan 28;12(2):. (PMID: 32013045) Sensors (Basel). 2019 Jan 18;19(2):. (PMID: 30669367) Biosensors (Basel). 2025 Feb 23;15(3):. (PMID: 40136934) J Clin Med. 2025 Oct 01;14(19):. (PMID: 41096037) Forensic Toxicol. 2022 Jan;40(1):1-18. (PMID: 36454488) ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2025 Jun 4;17(22):33150-33160. (PMID: 40390229) Nanoscale. 2024 Sep 12;16(35):16344-16375. (PMID: 39157856) IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst. 2021 Jun;15(3):537-548. (PMID: 34101596) Microsyst Nanoeng. 2023 Jan 1;9:1. (PMID: 36597511) Sensors (Basel). 2016 Aug 23;16(9):. (PMID: 27563905) Microfluid Nanofluidics. 2017 Sep;21(9):. (PMID: 30881265) Biomedicines. 2023 Mar 29;11(4):. (PMID: 37189669) J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Apr 14;132(14):5024-6. (PMID: 20334381) Biosens Bioelectron. 2025 Jun 01;277:117289. (PMID: 39993347) Gels. 2026 Mar 26;12(4):. (PMID: 42042112) Biomark Med. 2020 Feb;14(2):151-163. (PMID: 32064896) Biosens Bioelectron. 2011 Jul 15;26(11):4382-6. (PMID: 21621995) Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2022 Aug;76:102738. (PMID: 35679813) Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2013 Mar;13(2):119-29. (PMID: 23477552) Ophthalmic Res. 2008 Oct;40(6):315-21. (PMID: 18688174) Anal Chem. 2009 Nov 15;81(22):9314-20. (PMID: 19839597) Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2024 Nov 21;20:2237-2254. (PMID: 39588175) ACS Nano. 2024 Sep 10;18(36):24605-24616. (PMID: 39185844) Trends Biotechnol. 2015 Nov;33(11):692-705. (PMID: 26463722) Micromachines (Basel). 2022 Apr 06;13(4):. (PMID: 35457880) Anal Biochem. 2020 Feb 1;590:113533. (PMID: 31836385) Ann Clin Biochem. 2017 Sep;54(5):521-529. (PMID: 28193107) ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2023 Aug 9;15(31):37784-37793. (PMID: 37523478) Sensors (Basel). 2023 Oct 14;23(20):. (PMID: 37896562) Proteomics Clin Appl. 2018 Mar;12(2):. (PMID: 29350471) Biosens Bioelectron. 2010 Dec 15;26(4):1437-41. (PMID: 20729063) Chem Soc Rev. 2022 Nov 28;51(23):9433-9444. (PMID: 36239532) Anal Chim Acta. 2022 May 22;1208:339843. (PMID: 35525593) Chem Rev. 2019 Jan 9;119(1):599-663. (PMID: 30226055) Research (Wash D C). 2021 Oct 22;2021:9757126. (PMID: 34778790) Bioelectrochemistry. 2022 Feb;143:107982. (PMID: 34715586) ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2017 Oct 11;9(40):35169-35177. (PMID: 28925684) ACS Omega. 2019 Oct 16;4(18):17726-17734. (PMID: 31681878) Sensors (Basel). 2020 Jun 16;20(12):. (PMID: 32560028) Nano Lett. 2006 Jan;6(1):96-100. (PMID: 16402794) Nano Res. 2009 Feb 1;2(2):85-120. (PMID: 20174481) Trends Biotechnol. 2017 Sep;35(9):836-846. (PMID: 28063621) Ocul Surf. 2016 Apr;14(2):189-95. (PMID: 26850527) Nano Lett. 2025 Jan 29;25(4):1427-1435. (PMID: 39818914) J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2017 Sep-Dec;21(3):334-339. (PMID: 29391704) Nanomaterials (Basel). 2021 Mar 16;11(3):. (PMID: 33809629) Am J Kidney Dis. 2020 Jan;75(1):84-104. (PMID: 31473020) Nat Biotechnol. 2020 Feb;38(2):217-224. (PMID: 31768044) Small. 2021 Jul;17(30):e2101660. (PMID: 34197026) Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2013 Dec;65(15):1933-50. (PMID: 23906934) JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2026 Jan 9;14:e76084. (PMID: 41511829) ACS Nano. 2024 Dec 31;18(52):35164-35181. (PMID: 39696968) Biosensors (Basel). 2025 May 07;15(5):. (PMID: 40422035) Chemosphere. 2025 Sep;385:144549. (PMID: 40592104) Nat Biotechnol. 2024 Jun;42(6):860-871. (PMID: 38212492) Materials (Basel). 2022 Dec 07;15(24):. (PMID: 36556531) Biosensors (Basel). 2020 Nov 20;10(11):. (PMID: 33233700) Nanomaterials (Basel). 2023 Jan 30;13(3):. (PMID: 36770520) Environ Sci Technol. 2008 Apr 1;42(7):2688-93. (PMID: 18505017) Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2020 Jan;20(1):69-84. (PMID: 31795785) J Am Chem Soc. 2014 Jan 15;136(2):713-24. (PMID: 24354436) Adv Healthc Mater. 2026 Jan;15(4):e03096. (PMID: 41074254) Biosensors (Basel). 2020 Dec 03;10(12):. (PMID: 33287324) Anal Methods. 2024 Aug 29;16(34):5902-5908. (PMID: 39158376) Chembiochem. 2022 Dec 5;23(23):e202200282. (PMID: 36193790) Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2011 Dec;61(3):276-81. (PMID: 21893152) Biosens Bioelectron. 2024 Aug 15;258:116358. (PMID: 38718634) J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2010 Mar 01;4(2):312-9. (PMID: 20307391) Biosensors (Basel). 2024 Sep 27;14(10):. (PMID: 39451676) ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2021 Mar 3;13(8):10321-10327. (PMID: 33596036) Front Public Health. 2017 Apr 11;5:77. (PMID: 28443278) Toxic Rep Ser. 2019 Nov;(94):. (PMID: 33529178) Neurobiol Dis. 2015 Nov;83:122-33. (PMID: 26334479) Anal Chim Acta. 2023 Sep 8;1273:341511. (PMID: 37423660) Biosensors (Basel). 2026 Jun 14;16(6):. (PMID: 42345892) Chem Commun (Camb). 2015 Mar 28;51(25):5421-4. (PMID: 25486060) J Nanobiotechnology. 2023 Sep 7;21(1):320. (PMID: 37679841) Sensors (Basel). 2018 Oct 11;18(10):. (PMID: 30314270) Nat Nanotechnol. 2013 Dec;8(12):959-68. (PMID: 24270641) Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019 Sep;15(9):525-534. (PMID: 31249398) Int J Nanomedicine. 2012;7:5361-74. (PMID: 23091380) EXCLI J. 2017 Jul 21;16:1057-1072. (PMID: 28900385) JACS Au. 2025 Dec 16;6(1):423-433. (PMID: 41614155) Science. 2023 Feb 24;379(6634):760-761. (PMID: 36821680) Clin Chim Acta. 2024 Jan 1;552:117628. (PMID: 37931731) Biosensors (Basel). 2021 Nov 29;11(12):. (PMID: 34940243) J Prosthet Dent. 2001 Feb;85(2):162-9. (PMID: 11208206) Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2015 Jun 05;25(2):177-92. (PMID: 26110030) Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Mar 30;19(7):. (PMID: 35409805) Essays Biochem. 2016 Jun 30;60(1):1-8. (PMID: 27365030) Chem Sci. 2025 Oct 30;16(48):23038-23046. (PMID: 41210277) J Transl Med. 2025 May 24;23(1):582. (PMID: 40413543) Part Fibre Toxicol. 2010 Mar 22;7:5. (PMID: 20307263) Sensors (Basel). 2021 Feb 02;21(3):. (PMID: 33540641) Nat Commun. 2019 Jul 22;10(1):3278. (PMID: 31332189) Front Chem. 2015 Oct 27;3:59. (PMID: 26579509) Biosensors (Basel). 2023 Feb 27;13(3):. (PMID: 36979538) Nature. 2016 Jan 28;529(7587):509-514. (PMID: 26819044) Nat Mater. 2005 Jan;4(1):86-92. (PMID: 15592477) Anal Chim Acta. 2014 Jun 27;834:30-6. (PMID: 24928242) Phys Act Nutr. 2024 Dec;28(4):60-69. (PMID: 39934631) Bioelectrochemistry. 2026 Jun;169:109193. (PMID: 41365150) Nanomaterials (Basel). 2022 Jan 04;12(1):. (PMID: 35010115) Nanoscale. 2011 Sep 1;3(9):3545-54. (PMID: 21796303) Nano Rev. 2013 Dec 03;4:. (PMID: 24319547) Sensors (Basel). 2021 Dec 29;22(1):. (PMID: 35009763) Front Med (Lausanne). 2025 May 26;12:1577656. (PMID: 40491761) Biosensors (Basel). 2024 Oct 02;14(10):. (PMID: 39451686) J Diabetes Investig. 2021 Feb;12(2):266-276. (PMID: 32621777) Chem Cent J. 2013 Sep 13;7(1):154. (PMID: 24034413) Sensors (Basel). 2017 Apr 18;17(4):. (PMID: 28420195) Biosens Bioelectron. 2022 May 1;203:114050. (PMID: 35134685) Biosens Bioelectron. 2014 Apr 15;54:158-64. (PMID: 24270466) Biosensors (Basel). 2022 Sep 06;12(9):. (PMID: 36140116) Biosens Bioelectron. 2009 Mar 15;24(7):1984-9. (PMID: 19038538) Discov Nano. 2023 Feb 13;18(1):12. (PMID: 36779998) J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2016 Nov 1;10(6):1344-1352. (PMID: 27053256) Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2014 May 19;53(21):5394-400. (PMID: 24729452) Biosens Bioelectron. 2019 Apr 1;130:367-373. (PMID: 30268670) Polymers (Basel). 2020 Jul 13;12(7):. (PMID: 32668780) Talanta. 2023 Aug 1;260:124620. (PMID: 37148688) |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: biomarker; biosensor; carbon nanotube; non-invasive biofluid |
| Substance Nomenclature: | 0 (Nanotubes, Carbon) 0 (Biomarkers) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260826 Date Completed: 20260826 Latest Revision: 20260828 |
| Update Code: | 20260828 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC13510900 |
| DOI: | 10.3390/bios16080431 |
| PMID: | 42645049 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 2079-6374 |
|---|---|
| DOI: | 10.3390/bios16080431 |