Academic Journal
Outdoor thermal perception at a beach within a subtropical marine park.
| Τίτλος: | Outdoor thermal perception at a beach within a subtropical marine park. |
|---|---|
| Συγγραφείς: | Mi J; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China., Li Q; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China. arliqiong@scut.edu.cn., Tang P; College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China., Li Q; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China., Wu H; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China., Wu R; College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China., Middel A; The GAME School, School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85282, USA., Matzarakis A; Chair of Environmental Meteorology, Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79085, Germany.; Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, 69100, Greece. |
| Πηγή: | International journal of biometeorology [Int J Biometeorol] 2026 Aug 25; Vol. 70 (9). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Aug 25. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: Springer Verlag Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0374716 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1432-1254 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00207128 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Biometeorol Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: New York, NY : Springer Verlag Original Publication: Leiden. |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Bathing Beaches* , Thermosensing*, Humans ; Microclimate ; China ; Tropical Climate ; Thermal Comfort ; Seashore ; Temperature ; Male ; Humidity ; Female |
| Περίληψη: | Subtropical coastal regions are increasingly important public spaces within urban systems, yet microclimatic conditions and associated thermal outcomes of beaches and coastal areas remain understudied despite growing climate-related heat risks. The field study on Hailing Island, China, combined micrometeorological measurements with thermal perception assessment using thermal indices, including Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET), modified PET (mPET), Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), and a human energy budget (EB) approach, to characterize the beach microclimate and evaluate human thermal responses. This study distinguishes between objective thermal stress and individual-reported thermal perception under self-selected exposure. Results showed that the beach surface had high albedo and increased reflected shortwave radiation, thereby intensifying the radiative heat load and contributing to daytime thermal stress. Sea breezes reduced thermal stress under typical sea-land breeze conditions. Tree-covered beach spaces exhibited improved thermal conditions, with denser canopies (e.g., Casuarina equisetifolia L.) providing stronger solar shielding than coconut canopies. Under unshaded beach conditions, air temperature and mean radiant temperature dominated thermal perception, while the influence of air humidity was partly linked to sea-breeze processes. Under tree-shaded conditions, wind speed and mean radiant temperature became the primary drivers. Users demonstrated adaptive behaviors, including preferential use of shaded areas and exposure management in beach zones. Calibrated thermoneutral ranges for beach users were identified as 20.9 to 30.4 °C (PET), 24.7 to 30.7 °C (mPET), 25.8 to 30.8 °C (UTCI), and - 56.1 to 34.8 W m- 2 (EB). These results provide evidence to support climate-responsive beach design and heat-mitigation strategies in subtropical coastal environments. (© 2026. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to International Society of Biometeorology.) |
| Competing Interests: | Declarations. Ethics approval: Not Applicable. Consent for participation and publication: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants involved in the study prior to their participation. Competing interests: Qiong Li and Andreas Matzarakis are registered as reviewers for International Journal of Biometeorology but were not involved in the review or editorial decision process for this manuscript. None of the authors is a member of the Editorial Board of the journal. The authors declare no other competing interests. Clinical trial registration: Not Applicable. |
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| Grant Information: | 52178076 National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Beach conditions; Behavioral adaptation; Heat-mitigation strategies; Microclimate; Outdoor thermal comfort; Thermal indices |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260825 Date Completed: 20260825 Latest Revision: 20260925 |
| Update Code: | 20260925 |
| DOI: | 10.1007/s00484-026-03298-y |
| PMID: | 42640341 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
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