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Food safety dynamics in urban wet markets: knowledge, attitudes, and practices of poultry vendors in Nairobi, Kenya.

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Τίτλος: Food safety dynamics in urban wet markets: knowledge, attitudes, and practices of poultry vendors in Nairobi, Kenya.
Συγγραφείς: Gatwiri L; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya., Kunyanga C; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya., Njue L; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya., Nadimpalli M; Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America., Ndiritu A; Department of Public Health, University of Kabianga, Kericho, Kenya., Mwangi A; Department of Biological and Life Sciences, The Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.
Πηγή: PloS one [PLoS One] 2026 Aug 24; Vol. 21 (8), pp. e0356776. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Aug 24 (Print Publication: 2026).
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Public Library of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101285081 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1932-6203 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19326203 NLM ISO Abbreviation: PLoS One Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Poultry*/microbiology , Food Safety* , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice* , Food Markets*, Kenya ; Animals ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Commerce
Περίληψη: Wet markets are crucial settings along poultry food supply chains, where lapses in food safety may facilitate the entry and spread of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica, from poultry to humans. This cross-sectional study assessed food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices among 141 poultry vendors in Burma Market, the largest poultry wet market in Nairobi. Food safety knowledge was low among 70.9% of vendors; 59.6% displayed negative attitudes, and 51.1% demonstrated poor practices. Younger vendors (18-24 years) had lower odds of good food safety knowledge (OR = 0.270, 95% CI = 0.029-2.197, p = 0.044) and practices (OR= 0.193, 95% CI = 0.136-2.327, p = 0.043) compared to those aged 45 + years. Female vendors had lower odds of good food safety practices than men (OR = 0.411, 95% CI = 0.182-0.926, p = 0.032). Household income was associated with food safety outcomes, where middle-income vendors (USD 154-231) demonstrated higher knowledge but poorer attitudes (OR= 0.335, 95% CI = 0.125-0.898, p = 0.030) compared to higher earners USD 232). In contrast, low-income vendors (USD 154.67) had lower odds of good practices (OR = 0.254, p = 0.046). Positive attitudes showed higher odds of good food safety practices (OR=2.196, 95% CI = 0.998-4.834, p = 0.049). The findings in this study suggest that food safety practices among poultry vendors in urban wet markets are influenced not only by knowledge but also by vendor attitudes and socioeconomic factors. By understanding the drivers of food safety behavior in an urban Kenyan wet market, this study provides new evidence that structural and behavioral factors may play a greater role in shaping hygiene practices than knowledge alone. Interventions aimed at improving food safety in these settings should therefore move beyond training-focused approaches and also strengthen risk perception while improving access to affordable hygiene infrastructure.
(Copyright: © 2026 Gatwiri et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
References: Heliyon. 2021 Nov 17;7(11):e08420. (PMID: 34841116)
Vet Med Sci. 2024 Sep;10(5):e1585. (PMID: 39158975)
Heliyon. 2023 Mar 31;9(4):e15126. (PMID: 37151642)
BMC Res Notes. 2019 Jan 14;12(1):22. (PMID: 30642404)
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2025 Apr 17;22(4):. (PMID: 40283854)
Front Vet Sci. 2024 Jan 15;11:1340548. (PMID: 38288141)
Biomed Res Int. 2024 Jan 23;2024:2675894. (PMID: 38292064)
Microorganisms. 2021 Apr 28;9(5):. (PMID: 33924919)
Agric Human Values. 2025;42(3):1535-1551. (PMID: 40881184)
Front Microbiol. 2019 Nov 12;10:2618. (PMID: 31781084)
Food Sci Biotechnol. 2023 Aug 19;33(3):519-537. (PMID: 38274182)
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jun 30;18(13):. (PMID: 34208959)
Front Public Health. 2020 Apr 30;8:181. (PMID: 32426320)
BMC Public Health. 2021 Feb 12;21(1):349. (PMID: 33579231)
Front Vet Sci. 2022 Apr 29;9:601299. (PMID: 35573395)
Front Vet Sci. 2021 Jun 02;8:678419. (PMID: 34150895)
Antibiotics (Basel). 2023 Mar 20;12(3):. (PMID: 36978480)
Braz J Microbiol. 2022 Mar;53(1):465-486. (PMID: 34775576)
Prev Vet Med. 2017 Nov 1;147:90-99. (PMID: 29254731)
J Infect Public Health. 2024 Dec;17(12):102592. (PMID: 39551017)
Trends Microbiol. 2021 Jul;29(7):573-581. (PMID: 33712334)
Poult Sci. 2024 Dec;103(12):104295. (PMID: 39312848)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260824 Date Completed: 20260824 Latest Revision: 20260826
Update Code: 20260826
PubMed Central ID: PMC13502676
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0356776
PMID: 42636240
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Food safety dynamics in urban wet markets: knowledge, attitudes, and practices of poultry vendors in Nairobi, Kenya.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gatwiri+L%22">Gatwiri L</searchLink>; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kunyanga+C%22">Kunyanga C</searchLink>; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Njue+L%22">Njue L</searchLink>; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nadimpalli+M%22">Nadimpalli M</searchLink>; Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ndiritu+A%22">Ndiritu A</searchLink>; Department of Public Health, University of Kabianga, Kericho, Kenya.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mwangi+A%22">Mwangi A</searchLink>; Department of Biological and Life Sciences, The Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22101285081%22">PloS one</searchLink> [PLoS One] 2026 Aug 24; Vol. 21 (8), pp. e0356776. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Aug 24 (<i>Print Publication: </i>2026).
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Poultry%22">Poultry*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Poultry+microbiology%22">microbiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Food+Safety%22">Food Safety*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Health+Knowledge%2C+Attitudes%2C+Practice%22">Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Food+Markets%22">Food Markets*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Kenya%22">Kenya</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Animals%22">Animals</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Female%22">Female</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Male%22">Male</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Cross-Sectional+Studies%22">Cross-Sectional Studies</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Adult%22">Adult</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Middle+Aged%22">Middle Aged</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Adolescent%22">Adolescent</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Young+Adult%22">Young Adult</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Commerce%22">Commerce</searchLink>
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  Group: Ab
  Data: Wet markets are crucial settings along poultry food supply chains, where lapses in food safety may facilitate the entry and spread of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica, from poultry to humans. This cross-sectional study assessed food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices among 141 poultry vendors in Burma Market, the largest poultry wet market in Nairobi. Food safety knowledge was low among 70.9% of vendors; 59.6% displayed negative attitudes, and 51.1% demonstrated poor practices. Younger vendors (18-24 years) had lower odds of good food safety knowledge (OR = 0.270, 95% CI = 0.029-2.197, p = 0.044) and practices (OR= 0.193, 95% CI = 0.136-2.327, p = 0.043) compared to those aged 45 + years. Female vendors had lower odds of good food safety practices than men (OR = 0.411, 95% CI = 0.182-0.926, p = 0.032). Household income was associated with food safety outcomes, where middle-income vendors (USD 154-231) demonstrated higher knowledge but poorer attitudes (OR= 0.335, 95% CI = 0.125-0.898, p = 0.030) compared to higher earners USD 232). In contrast, low-income vendors (USD 154.67) had lower odds of good practices (OR = 0.254, p = 0.046). Positive attitudes showed higher odds of good food safety practices (OR=2.196, 95% CI = 0.998-4.834, p = 0.049). The findings in this study suggest that food safety practices among poultry vendors in urban wet markets are influenced not only by knowledge but also by vendor attitudes and socioeconomic factors. By understanding the drivers of food safety behavior in an urban Kenyan wet market, this study provides new evidence that structural and behavioral factors may play a greater role in shaping hygiene practices than knowledge alone. Interventions aimed at improving food safety in these settings should therefore move beyond training-focused approaches and also strengthen risk perception while improving access to affordable hygiene infrastructure.<br /> (Copyright: © 2026 Gatwiri et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
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  Data: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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  Label: References
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  Data: Heliyon. 2021 Nov 17;7(11):e08420. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234841116%22">34841116)</searchLink><br />Vet Med Sci. 2024 Sep;10(5):e1585. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239158975%22">39158975)</searchLink><br />Heliyon. 2023 Mar 31;9(4):e15126. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237151642%22">37151642)</searchLink><br />BMC Res Notes. 2019 Jan 14;12(1):22. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230642404%22">30642404)</searchLink><br />Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2025 Apr 17;22(4):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240283854%22">40283854)</searchLink><br />Front Vet Sci. 2024 Jan 15;11:1340548. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238288141%22">38288141)</searchLink><br />Biomed Res Int. 2024 Jan 23;2024:2675894. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238292064%22">38292064)</searchLink><br />Microorganisms. 2021 Apr 28;9(5):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233924919%22">33924919)</searchLink><br />Agric Human Values. 2025;42(3):1535-1551. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240881184%22">40881184)</searchLink><br />Front Microbiol. 2019 Nov 12;10:2618. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231781084%22">31781084)</searchLink><br />Food Sci Biotechnol. 2023 Aug 19;33(3):519-537. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238274182%22">38274182)</searchLink><br />Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jun 30;18(13):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234208959%22">34208959)</searchLink><br />Front Public Health. 2020 Apr 30;8:181. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232426320%22">32426320)</searchLink><br />BMC Public Health. 2021 Feb 12;21(1):349. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233579231%22">33579231)</searchLink><br />Front Vet Sci. 2022 Apr 29;9:601299. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235573395%22">35573395)</searchLink><br />Front Vet Sci. 2021 Jun 02;8:678419. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234150895%22">34150895)</searchLink><br />Antibiotics (Basel). 2023 Mar 20;12(3):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236978480%22">36978480)</searchLink><br />Braz J Microbiol. 2022 Mar;53(1):465-486. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234775576%22">34775576)</searchLink><br />Prev Vet Med. 2017 Nov 1;147:90-99. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229254731%22">29254731)</searchLink><br />J Infect Public Health. 2024 Dec;17(12):102592. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239551017%22">39551017)</searchLink><br />Trends Microbiol. 2021 Jul;29(7):573-581. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233712334%22">33712334)</searchLink><br />Poult Sci. 2024 Dec;103(12):104295. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239312848%22">39312848)</searchLink>
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